Fundamentalism

Giddens - fundamentalism as a response to late modernity

The late modernist argues that fundamentalism is a reaction to globalisation undermining the traditional social norms. i.e. nuclear family. Cosmopolitanism is a threat to religions based on traditionalism.

Davie - secular fundamentalism as a response to postmodernity

Almond et al

fundamentalism as a response to (global) secular rationalism

fundamentalism as a response to (global) secular rationalism

structural factors as a cause of fundamentalism:

• economic problems

• mass migration

economic problems - almond

lead to unemployment and poverty

mass migration - almond

results in marginalised ethnic minorities turn to fundamental beliefs for cultural defence

Bruce - fundamentalism as a response to imposed modernity

• western fundamentalism

• third world (developing world) fundamentalism

Castells - fundamentalism as a response to postmodernity

two responses to postmodernity: -project identity

• resistance identity

project identity - Castells

a forward looking response which embraces progression and change

resistance identity - Castells

a defensive reaction of those who feel threatened and retreat into fundamentalist