Nutrition 120- Midterm New

According to the Canadian Community Health Survey, which food of the following groupings do Canadians consume in sufficient amounts?

a.) Plant-based foods

b.) Fruits and vegetables

c.) Whole grains

d.) None of these

correct answer: d.) none of these

Which of the following nutrients is an organic molecule?

a.) fatty acids

b.) iron

c.) water

d.) sodium

correct answer: a.) fatty acids

What is most likely to cause an adverse or toxic reaction?

a.) overconsumption of vitamin and/or mineral supplements

b.) inability to absorb nutrients efficiently in the gut

c.) consumption of a diet that lacks variety

d.) overconsumption of a favourite food

correct answer: a.) overconsumption of vitamin and/or mineral supplements

Which DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) are recommended as targets for intake to ensure that an individual is almost certain of meeting his/her nutrient requirements?

a.) EAR (Estimated Average Requirement) and UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)

b.) RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) and UL

c.) RDA and AI (Adequate Intake)

d.) EAR and AI

correct answer: c.) RDA and AI

Which of the following statements regarding RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances) is FALSE?

a.) RDAs provide target intake amounts of nutrients for individuals

b.) The RDAs are one component of the DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes)

c.) The EARs (Estimated Average Requirements) are derived from the RDAs

d.) RDAs are often used in menu planning for individuals

correct answer: c.) The EARs (Estimated Average Requirements) are derived from the RDAs

Which statement best distinguishes between an AI (Adequate Intake) and an RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)?

a.) While both DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) can be used as target intakes for individuals, an AI (Adequate Intake) is set when there is insufficient research data to set an RDA.

b.) While both DRIs represent intakes that almost certainly guarantee that individuals are meeting their requirements, an RDA is set when there is insufficient research data to set an AI.

c.) An AI is commonly used to establish recommendations for minerals and fibre, while RDAs are used for vitamins.

d.) While an RDA represents an intake at which an individual can be almost certain of meeting their requirement, an individual with an intake equal to an AI (or greater) may or may not be meeting their requirement.

correct answer: a.) While both DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) can be used as target intakes for individuals, an AI (Adequate Intake) is set when there is insufficient research data to set an RDA.

Steven has a digestive disorder that prevents him for absorbing an essential nutrient, which we will call compound X, from food. He can, however, absorb this nutrient in supplement form with the same efficiency as a healthy person can absorb it from food, and once absorbed, metabolize the nutrient with the same efficiency as any healthy person. So, he goes to a pharmacy and buys a bottle of compound X tablets. The maximum daily dose of the supplement as recommended on the bottle's label is equivalent to the UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) for compound X. Which statement best describes the health effects of the dose? Note that an RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) has been determined for compound X.

a.) Because of Steven's difficulties with absorption, a dose at the UL is essential to ensure that he absorbs enough of the nutrient from the supplement.

b.) The dose will probably do Steven no harm and is likely to provide additional health benefits over the RDA.

c.) The dose is toxic and Steven should reduce it to no more than the RDA.

d.) The dose will probably not harm Steven, but it is unlikely to provide additional health benefits over the RDA.

correct answer: d.) The dose will probably not harm Steven, but it is unlikely to provide additional health benefits over the RDA.

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrate for a healthy adult is 45%-65%. What does this mean?

a.) A person should consume 45% to 65% of the total weight of food eaten daily from carbohydrates.

b.) A person should consume 35% to 55% of the total calories eaten daily from carbohydrates.

c.) A person should consume 45% to 65% of the total calories eaten daily from carbohydrates.

d.) A person should consume 45g to 65g of carbohydrate daily.

correct answer: c.) A person should consume 45% to 65% of the total calories eaten daily from carbohydrates

A person consumes a total of 2000 kcalories daily. 35% of those kcalories come daily from dietary fat. How would you calculate the number of grams of fat consumed?

a.) Multiply 2000 by 0.35. Divide the product by 9.

b.) Multiply 2000 by 0.35. Divide the product by 4.

c.) Multiply 2000 by 0.35.

d.) Divide 2000 by 9.

correct answer: a.) Multiply 2000 by 0.35. Divide the product by 9.

A person consumes 2000 kcalories and 80 grams of protein. How would you calculate the %kcal from protein?

a.) 2000/80, then multiply by 4, then convert to a percentage.

b.) 2000/4, then multiply by 80, then convert to a percentage.

c.) 2000/ (80 × 4) , then convert to a percentage.

d.) (80 × 4) /2000, then convert to a percentage.

correct answer: d.) (80 × 4) /2000, then convert to a percentage.

Which statement best describes the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)?

a.) The survey started two years ago and continues annually

b.) It is a health-related survey with a focus on determining the risk factors for cardiovascular disease

c.) It recorded exclusively food intake of Canadians to see how well dietary recommendations were being followed

d.) It is a health-related survey that collects information from Canadians, including food intake

correct answer: d.) It is a health-related survey that collects information from Canadians, including food intake

Nutrients are classified as macronutrients and micronutrients. Which of the following is NOT considered a macronutrient?

a.) carbohydrates

b.) lipids

c.) proteins

d.) vitamins

correct answer: d.) vitamins

Which of the following provides energy but is NOT considered a nutrient?

a.) alcohol

b.) carbohydrate

c.) fat

d.) protein

correct answer: a.) alcohol

Which statement best describes the concept of eating a variety of foods?

a.) choosing at least one food from each food grouping in Canada's Food Guide each day

b.) including low kcalorie food choices to balance high kcalorie foods at each meal

c.) choosing an assortment of different foods from within food groupings as well as from among the food groupings

d.) making sure portion sizes are matched to energy needs

correct answer: c.) choosing an assortment of different foods from among food groups

What is meant by the recommendation to eat in moderation?

a.) select foods from each food grouping in the diet

b.) select a variety of foods

c.) select appropriate portion sizes

d.) select foods with sufficient levels of vitamins and minerals.

correct answer: c.) select appropriate portion size

Which food is more nutrient dense with respect to calcium?

Product A (50 g) : calcium content: 100 mg kcalories: 200

Product B (50 g) : calcium content: 100 mg kcalories: 150

a.) Product B

b.) Product A

c.) Both products have the same nutrient density with respect to calcium

d.) It is not possible to calculate nutrient density

correct answer: a.) product B

In the 1960s a single-serving soft drink bottle contained 250 ml and about 100 kcal; today single-serving bottles contain 600 ml. This is an example of what phenomenon?

a.) portion control

b.) portion distortion

c.) inadequate intakes

d.) subpackaging

correct answer: b.) portion distortion

What was one of the factors influencing the development of the Dietary Reference Intakes, or DRIs?

a.) the increased incidence of infectious diseases

b.) the high prevalence of nutrient deficiencies

c.) increased incidence of diet-related chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and obesity

d.) the discovery of more essential nutrients

correct answer: c.) increased incidence of diet-related chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and obesity

Which is NOT a goal of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

a.) prescribing what a person should eat each day

b.) preventing nutrient deficiencies

c.) promoting healthful eating

d.) reducing chronic diseases

correct answer: a.) prescribing what a person should eat each day

If a woman's usual intake for a nutrient is equal to the recommended Estimated Average Requirement, what can be concluded about her intake?

a.) She is almost certain to be meeting her requirement for that nutrient.

b.) She has a 50% chance of meeting her requirement for that nutrient.

c.) She is almost certainly NOT meeting her requirement for that nutrient.

d.) She has a 10% chance of meeting her requirement.

correct answer: b.) She has a 50% chance of meeting her requirement for that nutrient.

If an individual's usual intake for a nutrient is equal to the recommended RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance), what is the probability that the individual is meeting their nutrient requirement?

a.) 33%

b.) 50%

c.) 75%

d.) 97%-98%

correct answer: d.) 97%-98%

All of the following sources were used to revise the Canada's Food Guide EXCEPT:

a.) Food manufacturers

b.) Scientific peer reviewed literature

c.) The Canadian Community Health Survey data

d.) Information about how Canada's Food Guide is used

correct answer: a.) Food manufacturers

Does the 2019 Canada's Food Guide have recommendations on portion sizes?

a.) Yes - it states that ½ of your plate should come from grains, ¼ of your plate should come from fruits/vegetables, and ¼ of your plate should come from protein-containing foods.

b.) Yes -it states that ¼ of a cup should come from grains, ¼ cup should come from fruits/vegetables, and ½ cup should come from protein-containing foods.

c.) Yes - it states that ½ of your plate should come from fruits/vegetables, ¼ of your plate should come from grain, and ¼ of your plate should come from protein-containing foods.

d.) No - it states that ½ of your plate should come from fruits/vegetables, ¼ of your plate should come from grain, and ¼ of your plate should come from protein-containing foods.

correct answer: d.) No - it states that ½ of your plate should come from fruits/vegetables, ¼ of your plate should come from grain, and ¼ of your plate should come from protein-containing foods.

Canada's Food Guide categorizes foods into groupings to help Canadians apply the recommendations to their individual diets. What are these food groupings?

a.) Protein foods, whole grain foods, vegetables and fruits

b.) Meat, milk, legumes and nuts, grains, and fruits and vegetables

c.) Carbohydrate foods, protein foods, and fat foods

d.) Grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, and meat and legumes

correct answer: a.) Protein foods, whole grain foods, vegetables and fruits

Which statement is NOT an accurate description of national food guides?

a.) They use graphics to emphasize the types of foods that should be eaten.

b.) They emphasize foods most commonly found in the national food supply.

c.) There is a lot of variation in the advice given between different countries.

d.) Plates are popular graphical representations.

correct answer: c.) There is a lot of variation in the advice given between different countries.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an obesogenic environment?

a.) a public health campaign encouraging people to use stairs

b.) fast food restaurants serving large portion sizes

c.) jobs that require sitting most of the day

d.) cutbacks to physical education programs in schools

correct answer: a.) a public health campaign encouraging people to use stairs

Which of the following does NOT help to explain why Canadians are now eating more kcal than 30 years ago?

a.) appetite is often triggered by food advertisements and the easy accessibility to foods.

b.) average portion sizes have increased in homes and restaurants.

c.) people tend to eat in units regardless of the size of the unit.

d.) Canadians' genes are making them hungrier.

correct answer: d.) Canadians' genes are making them hungrier.

"A hamburger in a fast food restaurant has increased in size over the last 40 years." What is being described?

a.) portion distortion

b.) caloric restriction

c.) leptogenic environment

d.) impact of advertising on food choice

correct answer: a.) portion distortion

What is another name for the digestive tract?

a.) urinary tract.

b.) gastrointestinal tract.

c.) endocrine system.

d.) integumentary system.

correct answer: b.) gastrointestinal tract.

There are two major functions associated with the digestive system. One is digestion. Which is the other?

a.) metabolism.

b.) absorption.

c.) circulation.

d.) excretion.

correct answer: b.) absorption.

Which sequence is organized from the simplest to the most complex arrangement?

a.) atoms: molecules: tissues: organs

b.) molecules: tissues: atoms: organs

c.) tissues: atoms: molecules: organs

d.) atoms: organs: tissues: molecules

correct answer: a.) atoms: molecules: tissues: organs

What is the main site of nutrient absorption?

a.) liver

b.) large intestine

c.) stomach

d.) small intestine

correct answer: d.) small intestine

What increases the absorptive surface of the small intestine?

a.) sphincters.

b.) microvilli.

c.) lymph vessels.

d.) gastric pits.

correct answer: b.) microvilli.

Which statement best describes the absorption of nutrients?

a.) From the cells of the small intestine, amino acids and glucose pass into the bloodstream while long chain fatty acids pass into the lymphatic system.

b.) From the cells of the large intestine, amino acids and amylose pass into the bloodstream while long chain fatty acids pass into the lymphatic system.

c.) From the parietal cells of the small intestine, glucose and short chain fatty acids pass into the bloodstream, while long chain fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins enter the lymphatic system.

d.) From the mucosal cells of the large intestine, amino acids and fatty acids enter the lymphatic system, while indigestible fibre is eliminated from the body.

correct answer: a.) From the cells of the small intestine, amino acids and glucose pass into the bloodstream while long chain fatty acids pass into the lymphatic system.

After water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the mucosal cells of the small intestine, they are transported where? via what?

a.) to the kidneys via capillaries

b.) to the liver via hepatic portal vein

c.) to the gall bladder via the bile duct

d.) to the lymphatic system via the hepatic portal vein

correct answer: b.) to the liver via hepatic portal vein

Hepatic portal circulation carries nutrients from the small intestine to what organ?

a.) stomach

b.) kidneys

c.) brain

d.) liver

correct answer: d.) liver

Which of the following organs filters metabolic waste products out of the blood?

a.) kidneys

b.) small intestine

c.) pancreas

d.) spleen

correct answer: a.) kidneys

Which of the following statements about eating a healthy diet is FALSE?

a.) It is essential to reduce total fat intake.

b.) A healthy diet is low in saturated fat from meat and dairy.

c.) A healthy diet is low in processed fats like shortenings.

d.) A healthy diet includes fats from fish, nuts, and olive oil.

correct answer: a.) It is essential to reduce total fat intake.

Which foods if included in a dietary pattern, would be most effective in lowering serum cholesterol levels?

a.) butter, nuts, low-fat fish, barley

b.) nuts, flaxseed, fatty fish, oatmeal

c.) oatmeal, white bread, stick margarine (contains trans fat) , psyllium

d.) butter, white bread, stick margarine (contains trans fat) , shortening

correct answer: b.) nuts, flaxseed, fatty fish, oatmeal

A public health nutritionist is reviewing the data on the fat intake of Canadians. Which consumption pattern would raise the most concern?

a.) Overall fat intake is less than 35% of total kcal and a high proportion of that fat intake comes from unsaturated fatty acids.

b.) Overall fat intake is more than 35% of total kcal and a high proportion of that fat intake comes from fats found in plants, nuts and fish.

c.) Overall fat intake is more than 35% of total kcal and a high proportion of that fat intake comes from fats found in beef, dairy products, and sweet baked goods.

d.) Overall fat intake is less than 35% of total kcal and a high proportion of that fat intake comes from fats found in beef, dairy products, and sweet baked goods.

correct answer: c.) Overall fat intake is more than 35% of total kcal and a high proportion of that fat intake comes from fats found in beef, dairy products, and sweet baked goods.

Most fatty acids in food and in the body are bound to what molecule?

a.) cholesterol

b.) phospholipids

c.) lecithin

d.) glycerol

correct answer: d.) glycerol

What is the end of a fatty acid chain containing a methyl group called?

a.) omega

b.) alpha

c.) delta

d.) beta

correct answer: a.) omega

What best describes food fats consisting mainly of fatty acids with single bonds?

a.) solid at room temperature

b.) soluble in water

c.) liquid at room temperature

d.) gaseous at room temperature

correct answer: a.) solid at room temperature

An omega-6 fatty acid is an example of what type of fatty acid?

a.) saturated fatty acid

b.) trans fatty acid formed by hydrogenation

c.) unsaturated fatty acid

d.) fatty acid found in tropical oils

correct answer: c.) unsaturated fatty acid

What is the function of bile in the digestion of triglycerides?

a.) to hydrolyze (split) the bond that attaches fatty acids to glycerol

b.) to act as an emulsifier

c.) to facilitate the formation of chylomicrons

d.) to transport lipids in the blood

correct answer: b.) to act as an emulsifier

Which of the following facilitate the absorption of fat?

a.) micelles

b.) cis fatty acids

c.) trans fatty acids

d.) acetyl-CoA molecules

correct answer: a.) micelles

Where are the chylomicrons formed?

a.) the intestine

b.) the liver

c.) the lymph

d.) the blood

correct answer: a.) the intestine

Which of the following CANNOT be directly absorbed in the small intestine and transported in blood for delivery to cells?

a.) water-soluble vitamins

b.) short-chain fatty acids

c.) medium-chain fatty acids

d.) long-chain fatty acids

correct answer: d.) long-chain fatty acids

Which lipoprotein is responsible for reverse cholesterol transport?

a.) chylomicrons

b.) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

c.) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

d.) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

correct answer: d.) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Which statement best distinguishes between chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

a.) Chylomicrons are formed in the small intestine and from there enter the lymphatic system; VLDLs are formed in the liver and from there enter the lymphatic system.

b.) Chylomicrons are formed in the large intestine and from there enter the circulatory system; On VLDLs are formed in the liver and from there enter the lymphatic system.

c.) Chylomicrons are formed in the small intestine and from there enter the lymphatic system; VLDLs are formed in the liver and from there enter the bloodstream.

d.) Chylomicrons are formed in the small intestine and from there enter the lymphatic system; VLDLs are formed in the gall bladder and from there enter the bloodstream.

correct answer: c.) Chylomicrons are formed in the small intestine and from there enter the lymphatic system; VLDLs are formed in the liver and from there enter the bloodstream.

What are the precursors of eicosanoid formation?

a.) cholesterol

b.) lecithin

c.) omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

d.) trans fatty acids

correct answer: c.) omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

What is the main constituent of adipose tissue?

a.) micelles

b.) triglycerides

c.) eicosanoids

d.) cholesterol

correct answer: b.) triglycerides

Fish oils are a good dietary source of what type of fatty acids?

a.) emulsifiers

b.) tropical oils

c.) omega-3 fatty acids

d.) trans fatty acids

correct answer: c.) omega-3 fatty acids

In what type of fatty acid do you find hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond, resulting in a bend in the molecular structure?

a.) cis

b.) trans

c.) essential

d.) nonessential

correct answer: a.) cis

Trans fatty acids are most abundant in what food product?

a.) animal products

b.) canola oil

c.) partially hydrogenated oils

d.) tub margarine

correct answer: c.) partially hydrogenated oils

From what are bile, vitamin D, and some hormones such as testosterone and estrogen derived?

a.) essential fatty acids

b.) cholesterol

c.) trans fatty acids

d.) phospholipids

correct answer: b.) cholesterol

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of cholesterol?

a.) chylomicrons

b.) low-density lipoproteins

c.) high-density lipoproteins

d.) very-low-density lipoproteins

correct answer: b.) low-density lipoproteins

Which of the following is needed for cells to take up low-density lipoproteins (LDL)?

a.) lipoprotein lipase

b.) homocysteine

c.) LDL receptors

d.) insulin

correct answer: c.) LDL receptors

What best characterizes atherosclerosis?

a.) an accumulation of plaque in the lining of blood vessels

b.) an inflammation of the colon lining

c.) the formation of uric acid crystals in the blood

d.) the formation of pouches in the lining of the colon

correct answer: a.) an accumulation of plaque in the lining of blood vessels

What causes an injury to the artery wall leading to inflammation?

a.) high blood glucose

b.) infectious microorganisms

c.) free radicals formed during cigarette smoking

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following health problems can increase a person's risk of developing heart disease?

a.) diabetes

b.) high blood pressure

c.) obesity

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

Why do women tend to develop heart disease later than men?

a.) Women have lower levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) compared to men.

b.) Women tend to consume more trans fatty acids than men.

c.) The hormone estrogen has a protective effect in women before menopause.

d.) Women have more blood vessels than men which helps blood to circulate more efficiently.

correct answer: c.) The hormone estrogen has a protective effect in women before menopause.

When there is a decreased ability of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors to bind LDL, which of the following occurs?

a.) an increase of LDL loss in the urine

b.) an increased risk of atherosclerosis

c.) increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol levels in the blood

d.) increased chylomicrons levels in the blood

correct answer: b.) an increased risk of atherosclerosis

What is a consequence of the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?

a.) recruitment of macrophages with scavenger receptors to the site of oxidation

b.) increased inflammation

c.) formation of foam cells

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following does NOT cause an increase in blood cholesterol?

a.) trans fatty acids

b.) saturated fatty acids

c.) monounsaturated fatty acids

d.) dietary cholesterol

correct answer: c.) monounsaturated fatty acids

Which dietary factor protects against heart disease?

a.) omega-3 fatty acids

b.) saturated fatty acids

C.) trans fatty acids

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: a.) omega-3 fatty acids

Which of the following foods increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) -cholesterol andreduces high-density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol?

a.) oats

b.) flaxseed

c.) nuts

d.) margarine made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

correct answer: d.) margarine made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils

Which of the following dietary practices would NOT help to protect a person from developing heart disease?

a.) a diet which provides adequate dietary fibre

b.) a diet which provides antioxidant nutrients

c.) a diet which substitutes monounsaturated fats for saturated fats

d.) a diet in which a person eats beef instead of fish

correct answer: d.) a diet in which a person eats beef instead of fish

A strong correlation exists between an increased risk of colon cancer and what type of diet?

a.) high in fish

b.) high in grains and cereals

c.) moderate amounts of alcohol

d.) high in animal fats

correct answer: d.) high in animal fats

What is the most likely reason that high-fat diets contribute to weight gain and obesity?

a.) Fat provides about twice as many kcalories per gram as carbohydrate or protein.

b.) Fat contributes to the flavour of food.

c.) When excessive calories are ingested, fat is taken up by and stored in adipose tissue.

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following statements regarding cholesterol is FALSE?

a.) The risk of cardiovascular disease increases with increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) -cholesterol.

b.) A change in diet can often alter serum cholesterol levels in 4-8 weeks.

c.) The replacement of cholesterol with unsaturated oils increases the risk of cardiovascular disease for people who don't have diabetes or heart disease.

d.) The risk of cardiovascular disease increases with increased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol.

correct answer: c.) The replacement of cholesterol with unsaturated oils increases the risk of cardiovascular disease for people who don't have diabetes or heart disease.

Which is the best replacement for saturated fat in the diet?

a.) refined carbohydrates

b.) high glycemic index foods

c.) unsaturated fatty acids

d.) trans fatty acids

correct answer: c.) unsaturated fatty acids

What are the current recommendations regarding fat intake for adults?

a.) eliminate all fat

b.) provide about 20%-35% of total calories (kcalories) from fat

c.) include saturated fats but eliminate cholesterol

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: b.) provide about 20%-35% of total calories (kcalories) from fat

What causes lactose intolerance?

a.) excess production of the enzyme lactase

b.) an allergic reaction to proteins found in milk and milk products

c.) inadequate production of the enzyme lactase

d.) the inability to produce the hormone insulin

correct answer: c.) inadequate production of the enzyme lactase

Despite the benefits of dietary fibre for health, which of the following problems is most associated with a high-fibre diet in young children with small stomachs?

a.) possible water retention

b.) possible overnutrition

c.) possible undernutrition

d.) very long transit time

correct answer: c.) possible undernutrition

What best describes the purpose of brush border enzymes?

a.) to break down starches to the disaccharide maltose.

b.) to break down oligosaccharides and disaccharides to c.)monosaccharides such as maltose.

d.) to break down starch to monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose.

correct answer: d.) to break down starch to monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose.

How do the physiological effects of soluble and insoluble fibre differ?

a.) both soluble and insoluble fibre decrease transit time, but insoluble fibre forms viscous solutions in the gut, while soluble fibre does not.

b.) both soluble and insoluble fibre increase transit time, but soluble fibre forms viscous solutions in the gut, while insoluble fibre does not.

c.) insoluble fibre decreases transit time, while soluble fibre increases transit time because it forms viscous solutions in the gut.

d.) soluble fibre decreases transit time, while insoluble fibre increases transit time because it forms viscous solutions in the gut.

correct answer: c.) insoluble fibre decreases transit time, while soluble fibre increases transit time because it forms viscous solutions in the gut.

Which of the follow statements describes the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat intake?

a.) It is constant throughout the life cycle.

b.) It is highest during adolescence.

c.) It is highest for ages 1 to 3 years.

d.) It increases over the life cycle.

correct answer: c.) It is highest for ages 1 to 3 years.

Which of the following diets provides approximately 18% of the total calories (kcalories) from fat?

a.) 41 grams of fat and 2,385 kcal

b.) 67 grams of fat and 3,268 kcal

c.) 36 grams of fat and 1,154 kcal

d.) 17 grams of fat and 2,392 kcal

correct answer: b.) 67 grams of fat and 3,268 kcal

Which of the following is a good source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids?

a.) walnuts

b.) coconut oil

c.) beef

d.) milk

correct answer: a.) walnuts

Why are reduced-fat foods controversial?

a.) They can provide less fat and kcalories.

b.) They promote the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

c.) They are often a lower-fat version of nutrient-poor foods.

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: c.) They are often a lower-fat version of nutrient-poor foods.

Which statement best describes trans fat in the Canadian food supply?

a.) There has been a dramatic decline of trans fat in the food supply in Canada, especially in baked food products.

b.) Trans fat intakes are at the recommended amount of no more that 1% of kcal daily.

c.) There has been a dramatic decline of trans fat in the food supply in Canada, because of mandatory government regulations requiring its removal from food.

d.) There has been a dramatic decline of trans fat in the food supply in Canada, but intake is still above recommended levels.

correct answer: d.) There has been a dramatic decline of trans fat in the food supply in Canada, but intake is still above recommended levels.

"A polysaccharide that can be digestible in hot food, but is indigestible when this food cools." What is being described?

a.) soluble fibre

b.) hydrolyzed starch

c.) oligosaccharides

d.) resistant starch

correct answer: d.) resistant starch

When carbohydrates have not been consumed in a few hours, the body responds by secreting, which substance, to stimulate the breakdown of liver glycogen to increase blood glucose?

a.) glucagon

b.) insulin

c.) pancreatic amylase

d.) intrinsic factor

correct answer: a.) glucagon

Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is TRUE?

a.) the disease occurs when cells are no longer sensitive to insulin.

b.) obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease.

c.) the immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.

d.) type 1 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes.

correct answer: c.) the immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin

Which of the following is NOT recommended as treatment for diabetes?

a.) exercise

b.) diet planning

c.) intermittent fasting

d.) monitoring blood glucose levels

correct answer: c.) intermittent fasting

What is a well-documented health problem associated with excess sugar intake?

a.) dental caries

b.) type 1 diabetes

c.) diverticular disease

d.) hyperactivity

correct answer: a.) dental caries

How does obesity typically affect blood lipids?

a.) higher levels of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) in the blood compared to lean individuals

b.) lower levels of VLDLs in the blood compared to lean individuals

c.) similar levels of VLDLs in the blood compared to lean individuals

d.) lower levels of small dense low-density lipoproteins (sd-LDLs) compared to lean individuals

correct answer: a.) higher levels of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) in the blood compared to lean individuals

Which enzyme breaks down the triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?

a.) IDL

b.) VLDL

c.) HDL

d.) LPL

correct answer: d.) LPL

How can dietary fibre help reduce blood cholesterol levels?

a.) by binding cholesterol and bile acids in the GI tract

b.) by blocking reabsorption of bile acids in the GI tract

c.) by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver

d.) all of the answer choices are correct

correct answer: d.) all of the answer choices are correct

It is known that fructose contributes to body weight gain by adding kcalories to the diet. Although controversial, some scientists believe that fructose contributes to weight gain in what other way?

a.) by decreasing the synthesis of glycogen

b.) by increasing the absorption of fatty acids more than starch or glucose

c.) by increasing the synthesis of body fat more than starch or glucose

d.) by increasing the absorption of cholesterol

correct answer: c.) by increasing the synthesis of body fat more than starch or glucose

Which statement best reflects why saturated fat is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease?

a.) Saturated fat decreases LDL receptors on the cell surface, increasing the levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood.

b.) Saturated fat decreases LDL receptors on the cell surface decreasing the levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood.

c.) Saturated fat increases LDL receptors on the cell surface decreasing the levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood.

d.) Saturated fat increases LDL receptors on the cell surface increasing the levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood.

correct answer: a.) Saturated fat decreases LDL receptors on the cell surface, increasing the levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood.

Which of the following is associated with an increased risk of heart disease?

a.) low blood pressure

b.) high levels of LDL cholesterol

c.) moderate exercise

d.) high levels of HDL cholesterol

correct answer: b.) high levels of LDL cholesterol

In general, populations that have a high intake of total fat have a higher incidence of which type of disease?

a.) certain types of cancer

b.) heart disease

c.) obesity

d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

correct answer: d.) All of the answer choices are correct.

A 2,000 kcalorie diet in which carbohydrate provides 50% of the kcalories would provide how many grams of carbohydrate?

a.) 140

b.) 200

c.) 250

d.) 400

correct answer: c.) 250

Carbohydrates provide 60% of the energy in John's diet of 2,700 kcalories. This represents how many grams of carbohydrate?

a.) 100

b.) 225

c.) 300

d.) 405

correct answer: d.) 405

Which is considered a high-fibre food?

a.) yogurt

b.) white bread

c.) lettuce

d.) navy beans

correct answer: d.) navy beans

A food with 180 total calories and 7 grams of fat has _____% of calories from fat.

a.) 70

b.) 50

c.) 35

d.) 10

correct answer: c.) 35

A meal providing 630 kcalories contains 6 grams of saturated fats, 1 gram of monounsaturated fats, and 2 grams polyunsaturated fats. What percentage of energy is supplied by the lipids?

a.) 6

b.) 8

c.) 9

d.) 13

correct answer: d.) 13

Which of the following lipid profiles would fit the atherogenic phenotype?

a.) low triglycerides, low HDL and high sd-LDL

b.) high triglycerides, high HDL and high sd-LDL

c.) high triglycerides, high HDL and low sd-LDL

d.) high triglycerides, low HDL and high sd-LDL

correct answer: d.) high triglycerides, low HDL and high sd-LDL