TB, Candidiasis, CMV, EBV Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key concepts on tuberculosis, candidiasis, CMV, and EBV from the lecture notes.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis; transmitted primarily by airborne spread; major global TB burden.

Airborne transmission

Spread of TB through airborne droplets from an infected person.

Latent TB

Asymptomatic TB infection with potential to reactivate into active disease (5–15% risk of progression).

Primary infection (pulmonary TB)

Initial infection stage; often asymptomatic; CXR may show unilateral lower-lobe infiltrates or hilar lymphadenopathy.

Reactivation TB

Reactivation of latent TB leading to clinical illness with gradual symptoms.

Extrapulmonary TB

TB involving organs other than the lungs; ~20% of cases; common with HIV or TNF‑α inhibitors.

Ghon complex

Primary TB lesion in the lung with draining hilar lymph node; may calcify into Ranke complex.

Ranke complex

Calcified Ghon complex indicating healed primary TB on imaging.

Hilar lymphadenopathy

Enlarged hilar lymph nodes seen on imaging in primary TB.

Xpert MTB/RIF

Rapid NAAT from sputum that detects TB and rifampin resistance.

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Acid-fast bacilli smear used to diagnose TB; cannot distinguish TB from non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Mycobacterial culture

Gold standard TB test; allows drug susceptibility testing; results can take up to 8 weeks.

Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)

Blood test indicating TB infection (positive suggests infection).

Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)

PPD injected under the skin; read at 48–72 hours; induration measured in millimeters.

TST induration thresholds

Cut points for positivity: ≥5 mm (high risk), ≥10 mm (high-risk groups), ≥15 mm (low risk).

Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)

Trained healthcare worker observes patient take TB meds; recommended for all TB patients.

RIPE regimen

Intensive TB therapy: Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol.

Rifampin

Rifamycin; can cause hepatitis, induces cytochrome P450, orange fluids, and thrombocytopenia.

Isoniazid (INH)

INH; risk of hepatotoxicity and drug-induced lupus; can cause B6 deficiency; pyridoxine used as adjuvant.

Pyrazinamide

PZA; hepatotoxicity and hyperuricemia; photosensitivity.

Ethambutol

Ethambutol; risk of optic neuritis and color vision changes.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Adjunct therapy with INH to prevent neuropathy.

Rifapentine

Rifamycin used in TB regimens, including some latent TB therapies and weekly dosing schedules.

Candida albicans

Most common Candida species causing candidiasis.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)

Candida infection of the mouth/pharynx; white patches that scrape to reveal red tissue.

KOH test

Potassium hydroxide preparation showing budding yeasts, hyphae, and pseudohyphae.

Fluconazole

Systemic antifungal used for oropharyngeal candidiasis (e.g., 100–200 mg daily for 7–14 days).

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Human herpesvirus 5; lifelong infection with risk of reactivation, especially in the immunocompromised; TORCH infection.

Monospot test

Heterophile antibody test used to help diagnose Epstein-Barr virus–related mono.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Human herpesvirus 4; causes infectious mononucleosis; highly contagious; transmitted via saliva; incubation 4–6 weeks; >90% infected by adulthood.