Aural Rehab Exam 1

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158 Terms

1
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what's included in the PAS

outer, middle, and inner ear

2
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what is the mode of operation and function for the outer ear

vibration in air ; protection, amplification, amplification

3
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what is the model of operation and function of the middle ear

mechanical energy based on ossicle movement; impedance matching, selective oval window stimulation, pressure equalization

4
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what is the mode of operation and function of the inner ear

hydro-dynamics and hydraulic energy ; filtering, distribution, transduction

5
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what is the mode of operation and function of the central auditory system

electrochemical signals ; information processing

6
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what structures are included in the middle ear

ear drum, ossicles, Eustachian tube, oval and round windows

7
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what's the purpose of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

protects middle and inner ear for extreme level of input sound

8
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what is an acoustic impedance

more pressure is needed for a stimulus to be propagated in the inner ear than middle and outer ear

9
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what is the solution for the acoustic impedance problem

33 db

10
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what is the cochlea responsible for

hearing

11
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what is the vestibular system responsible for

maintaining balance

12
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cochlea provides the central auditory system with information about what

frequency, intensity, phase, time

13
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what are characteristics of the cochlea

has 2.5 turns around modiolus, is about 30-35 mm long, has 3 fluid filled scalea

14
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what scalea contain perilymph

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

15
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what is the function of inner hair cells

sends auditory signals to the center brain ; afferent

16
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how many rows are inner and outer hair cells arranged in

IHC = 1 row, OHC=3-5 rows

17
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what is the function of outer hair cells

receive neural signals from the brain ; efferent

18
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what is the stria vascularis

produces endolymph and provides oxygen required for basic metabolic control of the cochlea

19
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what is the tonotopic organization of the cochlea

amplitude of higher simple frequencies are at the basal end, and amplitude of lower simple frequencies are at the apical end

20
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in tonotopic organization, high frequency needs what

higher stiffness and smaller mass

21
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in tonotopic organization, low frequency needs what

lower stiffness and larger mass

22
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what is resting potential in the cochlea

when a neuron is not sending a signal due to insufficient input at rest and no input sound is going into cochlea

23
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what is the difference between polarization and depolarization

polar: separate ; depolarize: bring together

24
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what is hyper polarization in hair cells

when cilia bend away from kinocilium which closes leaking ion channels

25
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what are the 2 functions of central auditory system

preserving information and processing information

26
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what is the pathway for hearing from talker to auditory cortex

sound source, sound propagation in air, peripheral auditory system, cochlear nucleus complex, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, primary auditory cortex

27
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anterior

rostral

28
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posterior

caudal

29
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superior

dorsal

30
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inferior

ventral

31
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what is the main function of the cochlear nucleus complex

frequency processing

32
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what is the superior olivary complex composed of

lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, and medial nucleus of the medial trapezoid body

33
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SOC is the first structure to receive auditory inputs from both ______ and _____ cochlear nuclei

ipsilateral and contralateral

34
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what is the lateral lemnsicus function

it is unknown! but it does have good temporal resolution compared to others

35
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what is the main function of the inferior colliculus

spectral processing and sound localization

36
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what does the medial geniculate body influence

direction and maintenance of attention

37
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the primary auditory cortex receives input form ipsilateral and contralateral fibers to...

maintain tonotopic representation and retain functional plasticity

38
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amplitude information is neurally coded by what

discharge rates if nerve fibers, number of nerve fibers, and number of related nerve cells

39
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what is phase/time coding

discharge rate of nerve fibers in synchrony to the phase of sound

40
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what is the place theory in frequency coding

that the auditory nerve is also organized topographically

41
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what is the equation for the temporal theory

f=1/t

42
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in the spring and mass system mass causes _____ while spring causes ____

inertia and elasticity

43
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what kind of waves are sound waves?

longitudinal

44
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what is condensation

as the object vibrates away from vibrating object, air pressure increases above static air pressure at any one location

45
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what is rarefaction

as the object vibrates toward the vibrating object, air pressure decreases below the static air pressure at any one location

46
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what is instantaneous amplitude

The amplitude of a waveform at some specific instant of time

47
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which is RMS

2

<p>2</p>
48
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which is peak amplitude

3

<p>3</p>
49
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which is peak to peak amplitude

4

<p>4</p>
50
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what does RMS apply to and what is the equation

applies to only pure tones; .707 x peak amplitude

51
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what does 180 degrees out of phase look like

both waveforms are mirroring each other

52
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what are transverse waves

air molecules are moved up or down through condensation and rarefaction

53
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what are simple waves

a single sine wave with repeated patterns of vibration

54
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what are complex waves

any vibration consisting of more than one sine waves, can have repeated patterns

55
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who are ideal candidates for hearing aids

people with moderate to severe sensorineural loss

56
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what are the 4 components of a hearing aid

microphone, amplifier, receiver, and battery

57
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what is the purpose of a microphone on a hearing aid

picks up input acoustic sound and converts it to electrical signals

58
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what is the purpose of an amplifier on a hearing aid

increases the amplitude of the electrical signal from the microphone

59
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what is the purpose of a receiver on a hearing aid

converts amplified electrical signal back to acoustic sound

60
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what is the purpose of the battery on a hearing aid

provides power to drive the amplifier

61
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what is the function of a telecoil

uses electromagnetic to help enhance telephone communication

62
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how are directional and omnidirectional microphones different

omnidirectional is equally sensitive in all directions, while directional is designed to respond to sounds from a specific direction

63
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what is dynamic range

the range of intensities from softest sounds we hear to. the loudest sounds

64
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what is the dynamic range for normal hearing

5-105 dbhl

<p>5-105 dbhl</p>
65
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the discomfort level of the hearing impaired listeners is about _______ across frequencies

110 dbhl

66
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gain of a hearing aid can be defined in what 3 ways

difference between aided and unaided, difference between input and output, and difference between input level to hA and output level to HA

67
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what style of hearing aids is more common in adults and teens

teens use more in the canal aids, and adults use more behind the ear aids

68
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what is the most common style of hearing aid

behind the ear

69
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why does a traditional BTE hearing aid need an earmold

it will help deliver amplified sound from hearing aid to the ear, couple the hearing aid to the wearer, and prevent acoustic feedback

70
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what are pros and cons of BTE

pros: high gain, flexibility for most people; cons: stigma compared to customs, wind noise

71
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what are factors to consider when choosing the right hearing aid for your client

gain and hearing aids output needs for HL, audiogram configuration, need for various features, compression characteristics based on dynamic range

72
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what are pros and cons of ITE/ITC

pros: cosmetic appeal, high gain even though small, reduction in wind noise; cons: expensive, problems with acoustic feedback, battery size

73
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what are pros and cons of CIC

pros: invisible and elimination of wind noise; cons: occlusion effect, lower gain, short battery, expensive

74
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what are the guidelines for HA fitting suggested by American Academy of Audiology

selection, quality controls, fitting, verification

75
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what are 3 common approaches to verify HA fitting

electroacoustic outcome measures using devices, audiological measures using behavioral assessment, and self report outcome measures using questionnaire

76
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what is electroacoustic outcome measures using devices

how the hearing aid is performing by real ear measurement

77
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what is audiological measures using behavioral assessment

how patient is performing with HA in terms of speech perception

78
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what is self report outcome measures using questionnaires

how hearing aid users are doing in real world

79
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what are the basic test parameters for an electroacoustic check according to ANSI

gain, frequency, response, OSPL90, HA compression features, distortion limits, directional microphone positioning, and telecoil response

80
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what is OSPL90

90db presented to see how hearing aid reacts and confirm its quality

81
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what is compression attack time

time a hearing aid takes to put less gain when input level is high

82
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what is compression release time

time a hearing aid takes to put prescribed gain when input level is soft

83
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what is the fundamental idea for 2 prescriptive hearing aid measures

NAL-NL1 and 2 and DSL

84
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what does DSL and NAL NL1 and 2 do

DSL makes sounds comfortably loud, and NALNL1 and 2 maximizes speech intelligibility

85
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on an audiogram, what are the units/labels for x and y axis

x - frequency hertz, y - amplitude db

86
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which structure in the cochlea is responsible for sending the signal out to the brain

spiral ganglion; inner hair cells responsible for sending signals

87
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on an audiogram, how do you tell which ear's hair cells are more damaged

whichever loss is considered worse

88
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how do you tell which hemisphere receives better frequency information from an audiogram and what role does the cochlear nucleus complex play in this

on the audiogram, you look at which ear has less loss to determine which hemisphere. the CNC sends signals contralaterally so if the left ear is better, the right hemisphere is receiving better information

89
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what is the difference between 100 hz and 1000 hz

100 hz has 100 complete cycles per second, while 1000 has 1000 complete cycles

90
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frequency is directly related to both _______ and _____

intelligibility and loudness

91
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what is the human audible range

20 to 20000 hz

92
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does amplitude decay over time

yes, the closer to the sound the louder and the further away, the quieter

93
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how do we utilize phase information

binaural hearing and sound localization

94
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what kind of waveforms are speech and music

complex

95
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when does the cochlea completely develop

at birth

96
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how many IHC are in the cochlea compared to OHC

there are about 3500 IHC and 12000 OHC

97
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do both IHC and OHC send auditory neural information to the CNS

yes, even though IHC are afferent and OHC are efferent they both are relaying auditory information

98
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what is the main function of superior olivary complex

sound localization

99
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what is the first structure to send neural signal to contralateral sites

cochlear nucleus

100
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what does the processor do in a hearing aid

controls a whole hearing aid system