test questions
The image depicted here represents the female hormonal cycle. Key hormones are indicated with numbers 1,2,3, and 4. Which hormones are synchronized in the ovarian cycle?
LH, FSH, and Estrogen
What organ is primarily responsible for the removal of wastes and foreign substances from the blood?
Kidney
Bronchodilation can be stimulated by
Epinephrine
Cushing's syndrome causes excess fat around the midsection in part because of increased gluconeogenesis. This condition is also called?
Hypercortisolism
In females, puberty induces groups of _ to start developing into _ about every 28 days
Primary follicles and secondary follicles
Inflammation in the form of swelling and soreness indicated that?
The immune system is responding to a virus
In the cell-mediated immune response...
B-cells are activated by helper T-cells
Steroid hormones are:
1. Derived from Cholesterol
2. Derived from single amino acids
3. Lipophilic molecules
4. Lipophobic molecules
1 and 3 are correct
An otherwise healthy person with a fully0functional osmoregulatory system died due to rapid consumption of large volumes of water. What would you expect to find?
A very high amount of ADH in circulation
T-cells mature in the:
thymus
Developing spermatozoa are nourished by
Sertoli cells
Tight junctions are not required for the functions of
The vomition center
What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone sent from the hypothalamus. FSH induces gamete development.
All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure except
A decrease in cardiac output
Eicosanoids are
cell signaling molecules (derived from arachidonic acid)
Identify the correct order of the structures illustrated 1-5
Pons, cerebellum, pituitary gland, frontal lobe, corpus callosum
Messenger molecule binds a cell membrane receptor which activates ___ leading to the signal cascade. This is an example of a ____ hormone
A G-protein; either amino acid derived or peptide
One of the rules of the corpus luteum is to
Produce progesterone to maintain early pregnancy
The main protein of the thick filament is ___, while the main protein of the thin filament is___
Myosin, Actin
Region where an axon terminal meets its target cell is called the
Synapse
which of the following is false regarding lactation
A baby sucking is necessary to stimulate the higher brain centers that produce lactation
Match each leukocyte to the correct characteristic or function:
Eosinophils: numbers increase with allergies and/or parasites
Natural killer cells: cause infected cells to self-destruct
Basophils: have granules that cause inflammation
Neutrophils: most abundant type
Dendritic cells: they present antigens
Helper T-cells: they re destroyed by HIV
How to B cells recognize specific antigens
Using the variable region of their immunoglobulin and receptor
People who have a condition called common variable immune deficiency do not produce enough antibodies this lack of antibody production could result from all of the following except
And inability of infected cells to present antigen by texting with MHC
Person who does not produce enough antibodies would be inhibited in all the following except
Programmed cell death of infected cells by natural killer cells
Which statement about intracellular receptors is not true
Binding of intracellular receptors typically triggers DNA transcription
The contraceptive commonly known as "the pill" contains ___ it works by___
Estrogen and progesterone, mimicking a pregnancy to prevent menses and ovulation
The major site of homeostatic control and interface between nervous and endocrine function
Hypothalamus
The early stage of embryonic development that is characterized as a single-layered sphere of cells encircling a fluid-filled cavity with an inner cell mass capable of adhering to the wall of the uterus is called a...
Blastocyst
Which of the following is not one of the three steps of voluntary movement
Counteracting the movement
These abundant leukocytes of the innate defense are known as "first responders". They are typically classified as phagocytes, but they are also capable of deploying lysosomes
Neutrophils
The rolling contractile motion of the intestines is due to signals passing through
Gap junctions
What is true about proteins troponin and tropomyosin in skeletal muscle contraction
The inhibit the binding necessary for contraction
In molecular biology, "transcription" and "translation" have a specific meanings. Select the CORRECT definition:
A gene is transcribed into a mRNA
The contractile a unit of a skeletal muscle is the
sarcomere
Which property should increase the rate of simple diffusion
Greater surface area of the cell membrane
Peyer's patches...
line the small intestine, are filled with white blood cells, and fight intestinal infection
If you close your eyes and reach forward with one hand, you will know the position of your hand because of ___ activation
Proprioceptor
To be capable of fertilizing an egg, a sperm must:
Be capacitated by exposure to the female reproductive tract
Just before a class presentation, you have butterflies in your stomach and are beginning to blush. Which is true about this response
The limbic system may be playing a role, these are autonomic reflexes, these are polysynaptic reflexes, emotion is being transformed into visceral function.
Which of these cannot be considered a defense mechanism against pathogens in the digestive system
Bicarbonate
The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to the...
Total number of action potential's
Metabolic catalysts made of proteins are called...
Enzymes
Which of the following hormones are produced by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin
What occurs during menstruation
The endometrium lining of the uterus is discarded
A surge in___triggers ovulation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
The internal sphincter of the bladder is composed of___ and is___closed when the bladder is relaxed
Smooth muscle, passively
What levels of hormone production would you expect at each tier of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis if a person has a functioning pituitary tumor?
High levels of thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary, high levels of thyroid hormone from the thyroid and low levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
This image is a cross-section of a...
Penis
B cell activation requires...
B cell receptor matching of antigen and activation by a helper T cell
Which of the following is correct regarding ovulation? The___ stimulates the___to release___. This stimulates the development of___which produces increasing amounts of___ and in turn stimulates the release of___to trigger ovulation
Hypothalamus, luteinizing hormone. follicles, estrogen, luteinizing hormone
Inhibitory signals...
Hyperpolarize the cell
Which of the following involves active transport of solutes into the nephron?
Tubular secretion
Barriers are considered part of the___immune system.
Innate
What is not a possible way to differentiate leukocytes
By where they are made
These gonadal cell types are primarily responsible for testosterone production...
interstitial (leydig) cells
Which is an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor
Cell swelling
The cortical reaction...
Allows the egg to prevent polyspermy (fertilization by multiple sperm)
Which of the following is correct regarding the movement of blood infiltrate through the nephron
Moves into the glomerular capillaries via the afferent arterioles, filtrate moves from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, to the proximal convoluted tubule, through the loop of Henle, to the distal convoluted tubule, and then to the collecting duct
The sac around the heart is the...
Pericardium
Which of the following is false regarding the placenta
It is produced by the endometrial lining
In this image, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is...
B
A carbohydrate is...
Carbon + hydrogen + oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Where are dead erythrocytes recycled
Spleen
Agonistic effects on the primary endocrine gland Will typically cause ___ production of the primary hormone, ___ production of releasing hormones from the hypothalamus, and ___ production of tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary
Increased, decreased, decreased
Which of these conditions is the least likely to involved impaired mucociliary clearance
Snoring