The Ultimate AP Human Geo Review (in progress)

ALL UNITS

Malthusian theory

Thomas Malthus’ theory that population grows exponentially while food growth is linear. Population will outpace food and lead to a crisis

What year was Malthusian Theory created?

1798

What is the Organic Theory?

The idea that countries are similar to living things that go through life, death, and growth, and need nourishment to survive

Why is the Organic Theory relevant today?

It shows the importance of control and security today

Who invented Organic Theory, and in what year?

Friedrich Wohler in 1897

What is the Heartland Theory?

Idea that control of Eastern Europe and most of Asia (heartland) is crucial for world domination

Who invented the Heartland Theory?

Halford Mackinder

What is the Rimland Theory?

Says that the key to world domination is conquering the Rimland (the coastal area around the Heartland)

Who invented the Rimland Theory?

Nicholas Spykman

What is the difference between the Heartland Theory and the Rimland Theory?

Heartland talks about interior Eurasia, while Rimland talks about the area wrapping around it

Global north

more developed countries

Global South

Less developed countries

What is communism?

political idea based on equality that gets rid of social classes, all property&resources are shared

What is the Domino Theory?

If one country falls to communism, the surrounding countries will as well (Cold War)

Ester Bosurup’s Theory

food production will increase as population increases

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

Economic system that explains the relationship btwn goods and resources amongst countries of diff development levels

Dependency Theory

describes how lower developed countries depend on more developed countries, the economy needs them to suceed

Central Place Theory

Explains the range and threshold of goods and services in an area

What shapes does the Central Place Theory use?

heaxagons

What are the hearths of agriculture?

Egypt (wheat), Mesopotamia (grains), Indus River Valley (walnuts, chickens, sheep), Central America (squash, maize, potato)

Soil Salinization

over irrigation causes water to evaporate quickly of the soul and leaves salt. Causes desertification

Global Supply chain

idea that food and ag products are part of a global system, with some countries being highly dependent on export commodities

Economies of Scale

lower per unit costs by making in larger volumes. Done with technology like mechanization, transportation, and computerized production. fewer farmers, bigger farms

Value added agriculture

small farmers can specialize in organics, no pasteurized, plant based products

What is the von thunen model?

A model that tries to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market

Bid Rent Theory

the idea that the land closes to the market is most expensive

What are some pros and cons of the Von Thunen model?

Pros: useful to balance land cost with transportation cost (farmers still consider these)

Cons: less applicable with a rapidly changing economy

Clustered/Nucleated settlement pattern

most common in Europe, parts of Africa, and Northeastern USA. Close together

Dispersed Settlement Pattern

most common in the US Midwest and west. spread out

Linear settlement pattern

common in French America, Quebec, Louisiana, parts of Texas. Straight line

Arithmetic density

people per unit of land. Least accurate, most simpleP

Physiological density

people per unit of arable land, measures how many people 1 acre of farmland will need to feed and how much pressure is put on the land to feed the people

Agricultural density

farmers per unit of arable land. accounts for levels of development

Geopolitical density

the study of how population density interacts with political and international relations

Azimuthal projection

depicts the earth as centered around either the North or South pole

Planar maps

a map that projects the Earth’s surface onto a flat plane. Usually viewed from a point and showing true directions from that point

Choropleth

a map that uses color variations to represent the distribution of a statistical variable across predefined geographic areas, such as countries or states.

Dot distribution

map that uses dots to represent the presence or quantity of a phenomenon, showing its geographic distribution and density patterns

Cartogram

intentionally distorts the spatial representation of areas on maps to emphasize the data being displayed

isoline

uses lines to connect points of equal value (elevation, temperature, pressure) to visually represent spatial data and patterns

Graduated Symbol

uses symbols of varying sizes to represent different quantities or values at specific locations. larger symbols= higher values and smaller symbols= lower values

Political Map

shows geographical boundaries and features related to political divisions, such as national borders, state or provincial boundaries, and city limits

absolute distance

can be measured with a standard unit of length

relative distance

approximate distance between two places

topographic

a reference map that shows elevation

projection

a scientific method of transferring locations on earth’s surface to a flat map in four distortions (shape, size, distance, direction)

Mercator

map created in the 16th century used for direction. shape is preserved and direction is consistent, but it’s highly distorted at the poles so high latitudes are too big

Gall-Peters

map projection created in the 19th century that has more accurate sizes, less powerful nations restored to rightful place. But the shape is more distorted

Robinson

lines of latitude as parallel straight lines and lines of longitude as nonparallel lines that become increasingly curved as you move farther away from the map's central meridian

Formal/uniform region

an area where everyone shares 1+ distinct characteristics. Language, state/country borders.

Functional (nodal) region

A region defined by the presence of a clear central node. Newspaper, radio stations, hospitals usually around a city and its area of influence

Vernacular/Perceptual region

a region that’s based on a collective mental map of the area. (American South)

What are the three scales of analysis when reading a map?

Local, national, global

Globalization

the increased interconnectedness of the world due to technological advances in the 20th and 21st centuries

Natural Increase Rate

percentage by which population grows each year, excluding migration

Total Fertility Rate (replacement level fertlity is 2.1)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

Pronatalist policy

Policy that promotes large families in countries with low/no natural increase rate. (Paid maternity leave, subsidized childcare)

Anti-natalist policy

Policy that encourages or mandates a decrease in fertility rate in order to lower the population (one Child policies, more opportunities for women)

Dependency Ratio

the relationship between those who are too young or too old to work

The Demographic Transition Model

Model that explains how changes in birth and death rates lead to population changes over time

How do you find the natural increase rate?

birth rate-death rate/10

What are some impacts of the One Child Policy in China?

decreasing and aging population, future workforce shortages, more boys than girls in China, lower marriage rates

Doubling TIme

years needed for a population to double

Neo-malthusians

argue that 10 billion people will be hard to sustain because ecological problems impact food supply, global demand for food is increasing in LDC’s, natural resources are depleting

What are the rings of the Von Thunen model?

1-market garden/dairy

2-forest

3-increasingly extensive grains

4-ranches

Metes and Bounds Survey system

introduced by the British, mostly East coast of USA. Drawing of boundaries was left up to the land buyer, natural features used to define irregularly shaped parcels of land

Township and Range survey system

most of the US, especially the West. Rectangular land divisions, made by Thomas Jefferson. Grid-like pattern

Long Lot Systems

Linear settlements, used by French. To access river transportation and equal access to water.

What is Stage 1 of the DTM?

Very high birth rates, very high death rates, very low NIR. no countries in this stage. Hunter gatherers

What is Stage 2 of the DTM?

still high birth rates, rapidly declining death rates (vaccines, antibiotics). Very high NIR. Many are farmers in rural areas (DRC, Chad)

What is Stage 3 of the DTM?

Rapidly declining birth rates, moderately declining death rates, moderate NIR. mostly manufacturing (people migrate from farms to cities looking for work). Mexico, Brazil, S. Africa

What is Stage 4 of the DTM?

Very low birth rate, low death rates, 0 or neg NIR. Service industry jobs (tourism, customer service). USA, Canada

What is Stage 5 of the DTM?

Theoretical stage. Very low birth rate, increasing death rates, negative NIR. Post-industrial (mechanization of jobs). Japan.

Epidemiological Transition model

A model that explains the causes of changing death rates at each stage of the DTM.

ETM Stage 1

Pestilence and famine (disease rampant)

ETM Stage 2

Receding pandemics

ETM Stage 3

Degenerative disease and human created disease (chronic diseases like cancer/heart diseases)

ETM Stage 4

Delayed Degenerative Disease (life expectancy increased through chemo/bypass etc)

ETM stage 5

Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic diseases (new strains spread fast though globalization)

What are some of Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration?

Most migrants go short distances, men are more likely to migrate internationally than women, migrants are often adults not families, migration is mostly rural to urban

Step migration

migrant has a long distance goal in mind and achieves it through a series of steps

Chain migration

people migrate to be with others who migrated before them (family/cultural ties")

What type of migration leads to urban ethnic enclaves?

Chain migration

Refugee

forced to migrate to another country to avoid armed conflict/human rights violations, can’t return out of fear of persecution. Cross international border

Asylum Seeker

migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee (usually fleeing violence or war). Cross international border

Internally displaced person

forced to migrate, but haven’t crossed an international border

Great Migration

Migration of millions of African Americans northward due to discrimination and lack of jobs in the South.

What was the rust belt to sun belt migration?

the shift from the industrial north (Rust belt) to the south (sun belt) in the mid-20th century due to job losses in manufacturing and better climate

The Migration Transition model

identifies how migration changes as countries move toward the DTM

MTM Stage 1

high daily/seasonal mobility in search of food (hunter-gatherers)

MTM Stage 2

Happening in LDC’s, rural to rural to seek better living conditions

MTM Stage 3

Rural to urban for industrial jobs (urbanization)

MTM Stage 4 and 5

Suburbanization (moving from central city to surrounding areas). Transportation, teleworking, industry jobs allow people to move back to rural areas.

The Northern Triangle

Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador. High rates of poverty, inability to farm, violence. Most migration comes from these areas.

Remittances

transfer of money by workers to people in countries they migrated from

What are some effects of immigration on the sending country?

Brain drain, reduced workforce

What are some positive effects on the receiving country of migration?

Adds to the labor force, skills and knowledge of immigrants, cultural influences of immigrants

What are some negative effects on the receiving country of migration?

Competition for limited jobs, cost of services (housing, healthcare), could lead to higher taxes, security concerns