Studied by 23 people
endocytosis
when a cell takes in an external substance through the cell membrane by creating vesicles (sacks) to “hug” it in
exocytosis
to get rid of macromolecules that are too big for the cell, it releases macromolecules by fusing the vesicle with the plasma membrane
large cell size makes it…
hard to move nutrients into the cell
cells function best when
there is a larger surface area to volume ratio
small cell size makes it…
easy to absorb nutrients and excrete waste
unicellular organisms…
reproduce/clone asexually via cell division
multicellular organisms…
use cell division to grow and develop, and repair and renew cells once fully grown
interphase
when a cell grows and copies its DNA in prep for mitosis--90% of the cell cycle happens here
G1 phase “first gap”
cell growth and protein synthesis
S phase (synthesis)
dna replicated
G1/S Checkpoint
if cell does not pass, cycle stops completely, goes into senescence
G2 phase“second gap”
growth, protein synthesis, and organelle development
mitosis
division of nucleus, then division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
G2/M checkpoint
if cell does not pass, cycle stops to prepare DNA
G0 (senescence)
cell retirement home, waiting to die
apoptosis
cellular suicide…cell is damaged/gets signal proteins, shrinks, proteins help break down cell components, enzymes break down nucleus, cell parts removed from the body
in plant cells, vesicles form…
a cell plate
in plant cells, the cell plate…
forms a cell wall, causing the cell to split into two daughter cells
metastasis
the spread of cancer cells
in animals, cells are separated by…
the cleavage furrow drawing the plasma membrane towards the center, until the cell is eventually split into two daughter cells
the stages of mitosis in order are…
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
prophase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and mitotic spindle starts forming
chromaTIN
substance from cell’s nucleus made of proteins and dna…
chromaTID
two sister chromatids make up a chromosome
chromosome
humans have 46, half from each parent chromatin condenses into chromosomes as the cell enters the mitotic phase
metaphase
nuclear membrane/envelope disintegrates, sis chromatids line up along metaphase plate with help from spindle fibers
metaphase plate:
invisible line that separates the two poles in a cell
anaphase
spindle fibers pull the sis chromatids apart, towards opposite poles. centromeres of the chromatids break apart
telophase
genetic material is completely separated, two new nuclear membranes/envelopes are formed around the chromosomes
cytokinesis
completion of mitosis, cytoplasm and cell organelles are separated
cancer cell abnormalities:
too many dividing cells,
large, dif shaped nuclei
large nucleas to cytoplasm ratio
dif shapes and sizes of cells
loss of norm cell features
disorganized, jumbled
poorly defined tumor boundary
when mitosis and apoptosis are not in homeostasis…
tumor can form
prophase
anaphase
metaphase
telophase/cytokinesis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase/cytokinesis
Note 
Flashcard (78)