Chapter 4 Spine Thorax More Questions- BBL

What is a vertebrae?

An animal that has a spinal column.

What animals do not have a spinal column?

Insects and mollusks.

What are quadrupeds?

Animals that walk on four legs.

What are bipeds?

Animals that walk on two legs.

Example of a biped.

Humans.

What does “pneumatized” mean?

Air-filled bone.

Where does pneumatization occur in birds?

Vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis.

What is the vertebral column?

The spine consisting of 25 bones.

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 in the neck.

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 in the thorax.

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 in the lower back.

What are the sacrum and coccyx?

Fused vertebrae.

Which vertebrae are the most mobile?

Cervical vertebrae.

Which vertebrae articulate with the ribs?

Thoracic vertebrae.

What is the main function of thoracic vertebrae?

Stabilize thoracic area and protect internal organs.

What is the main role of lumbar vertebrae?

Support the weight of the upper body.

What bones are included in the thorax?

Sternum and rib cage.

What makes up the rib cage?

Costal cartilage and 12 pairs of ribs.

What is costal cartilage?

Cartilage identical in shape and size to ribs; connects ribs to sternum.

How many true ribs are there?

Ribs 1–7.

How do true ribs attach to the sternum?

Directly.

How many false ribs are there?

Ribs 8–12.

How do false ribs attach to the sternum?

Indirectly, via costal cartilage.

What are floating ribs?

Ribs 11–12 that do not attach to the sternum or costal cartilage.

How many natural curvatures does the vertebral column have?

Four.

Which regions form lordotic curves?

Cervical and lumbar.

Which regions form kyphotic curves?

Thoracic and sacral.

What is scoliosis?

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

What curvature does the spine have at birth?

Single kyphotic curvature.

When does cervical lordosis develop?

When an infant begins to hold the head erect.

What is the function of intervertebral disks?

Cushion shock between vertebrae.

What are intervertebral disks made of?

Annulus fibrosus (outer layer) and nucleus pulposus (liquid center).

Why are you taller in the morning?

Water reabsorbed into intervertebral disks overnight.

How much taller can you be in the morning?

About half an inch.

What is the spinous process?

The posterior projection of a vertebra.

What attaches to the spinous process?

Muscles, ligaments, and fasciae.

Which vertebra lacks a spinous process?

Atlas (C1).

What are TVPs (transverse processes)?

Lateral projections of cervical vertebrae.

What muscles attach to cervical TVPs?

Scalenes and levator scapulae.

What nerve structure exits between cervical TVPs?

The brachial plexus.

What is the function of the brachial plexus?

Innervates the arm.

What is the lamina groove?

A trough-like space between spinous and transverse processes.

What is unique about C6?

It has a large anterior tubercle called the carotid tubercle.

What passes laterally to the carotid tubercle?

The carotid artery.

Where is the jugular notch located?

Between the sternal heads of the clavicles.

What is the manubrium?

The superior portion of the sternum.

What does the manubrium articulate with?

Clavicles, first rib, and second rib.

Where is the body of the sternum located?

Inferior to the manubrium.

What is the main portion of the sternum called?

The body of the sternum.

What is the sternal angle?

Junction between the manubrium and body.

Where is the xiphoid process located?

At the bottom of the sternum.

What attaches to the xiphoid process?

The rectus sheath.

Where do ribs articulate posteriorly?

With thoracic vertebrae.

How do ribs curve around the thorax?

Toward the anterior chest.

What attaches ribs to the sternum?

Costal cartilage.

How many costal cartilage branches exist?

6 or 7.

In what directions do ribs expand during inhalation?

Inhalation, lateral, and superior.

What is the function of rib expansion?

Allows for breathing and thoracic flexibility.

Total number of bones in vertebral column?

25 bones.

Which part of the spine is most flexible?

Cervical region.

Which part of the spine supports the most weight?

Lumbar region.

Which part of the spine protects the heart and lungs?

Thoracic region.

What bones form the base of the vertebral column?

Sacrum and coccyx.

How are sacrum and coccyx formed?

From fused vertebrae.

What structure protects the spinal cord?

Vertebral column.

What separates each vertebra?

Intervertebral disks.

What type of movement does the thoracic spine allow?

Limited movement.

What is the thorax composed of?

Rib cage and sternum.

How many parts make up the sternum?

Three: manubrium, body, xiphoid process.

What joint marks the sternal angle?

Manubriosternal joint.

What rib level is the sternal angle located at?

Second rib.

What organ lies directly behind the sternum?

The heart.

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12 pairs.

Which ribs are true ribs?

Ribs 1–7.

Which ribs are false ribs?

Ribs 8–12.

Which ribs are floating ribs?

Ribs 11–12.

What are the functions of ribs?

Protect thoracic organs and assist in breathing.

What type of cartilage connects ribs to sternum?

Costal cartilage.

Why are ribs flexible?

To expand and contract during breathing.

Which ribs attach directly to the sternum?

Ribs 1–7.

Which ribs attach indirectly to the sternum?

Ribs 8–10.

Which ribs do not attach to the sternum at all?

Ribs 11–12.

Purpose of spinal curves.

Absorb shock and maintain balance.

Which spinal curve appears first after birth?

Cervical lordosis.

Which curve develops when a baby starts standing?

Lumbar lordosis.

What is kyphosis?

Exaggerated posterior curvature.

What is lordosis?

Exaggerated anterior curvature.

What condition causes sideward curvature?

Scoliosis.

What makes intervertebral disks flexible?

The liquid center (nucleus pulposus).

What provides strength to intervertebral disks?

Annulus fibrosus.

Anterior

Front of the body.

Posterior

Back of the body.

Superior

Toward the head.

Inferior

Toward the feet.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Medial

Toward the midline.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk.

Distal

Farther from the trunk.

Axial Skeleton

Central axis of body including skull, spine, sternum, ribs.

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs and girdles attached to the axial skeleton.