Standard Views and Hanging Protocols and General shtuff

What is the hanging protocol for VD/DV radiographs?

Right side of body is on left side of screen

What is the hanging protocol for lateral radiographs?

Cranial/rostal is on left side of screen

What are the handing protocols for the limbs?

Cranial/dorsal is on left side of screen

Proximal is up distal is down

Medial/lateral no standard

Although there is no standard hanging protocol for medial/lateral limb radiographs, what should always be a component of these radiographs?

Marker always on lateral aspect of limb

Generally, the name of the radiographic view describes the direction of the _-___ ____

X-ray beam

What are the standard views for small animal shoulder radiographs?

Lateral

Caudo-cranial

What are the standard views for small animal elbow radiographs?

Lateral

Craniocaudal

Flexed lateral

What are the standard views for small animal carpus radiographs?

Dorsopalmar

Lateral

What are additional views you might take for small animal carpus radiographs?

Flexed lateral

Stressed views

What are the standard views for small animal tarsus radiographs?

Lateral

Dorsoplantar

What are additional views you might take for small animal tarsus radiographs?

Oblique

Flexed lateral

Flexed DP

What are the standard views for small animal stifle radiographs?

Lateral

Caudocranial or craniocaudal

What are the standard views for small animal pelvis radiographs?

Lateral

Extended limb VD

What are the standard views for small animal nasal cavity radiographs?

Open mouth VD

Lateral

Rostrocaudal

The rostrocaudal radiographic view of the skull allows for a good view of what?

Frontal sinus

An open mouth VD radiographic view of the skull offers a good view of what?

Nasal cavity

What additional views of the small animal skull may be considered?

Rostrocaudal open mouth

DV

Oblique

The rostrocaudal open mouth view allows good visualization of what?

Tympanic bulla

The tympanic bulla under normal circumstances should be ___ filled and ____ walled

Air

Thin

What are the standard views for small animal TMJ radiographs?

Lateral

VD

What are the standard views for small animal cardiac radiographs?

Lateral

VD

The larynx and trachea are best evaluated with which radiographic view?

Lateral

When taking a radiograph of the thorax, you want the view to span from the ________ _____ to the _____ of the ____. The middle of the view will be just after the _______

Thoracic inlet

Edge

Lung

Scapula

When taking a small animal radiograph of the abdomen, you want it to image the entire _________ to the ___________ _____

Diaphragm

Coxofemoral joint

What body cavity offers fantastic natural contrast?

Thoracic cavity

In thoracic cavity radiographs, the ________ surface of the diaphragm is visible due to the opacity interface with the lungs while the _________ surface is not seen due to silhouetting with the soft tissues of the abdomen

Thoracic

Abdominal

True/False: the lung is superimposed over the diaphragm on both the lateral and VD/DV thoracic views

True

The diaphragm is _____ shaped

Domed

When an animal is in lateral recumbency, the __________/____ lung will collapse

Dependent/down

When taking a lateral view of the thorax, the (choose one: up/down) lung can be evaluated while the (choose one: up/down) lung cannot

Up

Down

In lateral thoracic views, The "____" crus of the diaphragm will be displaced cranially relative to the "__" crus

Down

Up

The caudal vena cava enters the (choose one: left/right) crus of the diaphragm

Right

In a left lateral thoracic view, the (choose one: left/right) lung lobes are being evaluted and the caudal vena cava will ____ ____ the "down crus" which is the (choose one: left/right) crus

Right

Cross over

Left

Cranial lobar arteries and veins are best seen on what thoracic view?

Left lateral

Cranial lobar arteries and veins are important in determining _____ ________

Heart failure

In a right lateral thoracic view, the (choose one: left/right) lung lobes are being evaluted and the caudal vena cava will ______ the "down crus" which is the (choose one: left/right) crus. The crus of the diaphragm are more ________ in this view

Left

Enter

Right

Parallel

The cranial lobar vessels are more difficult to separate out in which thoracic lateral view?

Right

In a VD view of the thorax, the diaphragm appears as (choose one: 3 separate/a single) dome(s). The heart typically resides _______ with the apex slightly to the ____. The heart is said to have a more ______ appearance in this view. The ________ lung lobe and ______ mediastinum are better visualized in this view

3 separate

Midline

Left

Normal

Accessory

Caudal

In a DV view of the thorax, the diaphragm appears as (choose one: 3 separate/a single) dome(s). The heart is typically more _____ in shape with the apex shifted to the ____. This view offers better evaluation of the ______ ________ vessels

A single

Round

Left

Caudal pulmonary

The heart can be mistaken for being enlarged in the (choose one: VD/DV) thoracic view

DV

In non cardiac cases, the (choose one: VD/DV) view is standard for thoracic radiography

VD

True/False: the phase of respiration has a major impact on the radiographic appearance of the thorax

True

The ideal thoracic radiograph is taken during peak (choose one: inspiration/expiration)

Inspiration

During expiration, thoracic radiographs appear too _____ which can mimic ______. The heart appears ________ and _______

White

Disease

Enlarged

Rounded

On an inspiratory thoracic radiograph, there is good ________ to vascular structures. A ____ _______ triangle is present. There is separation of the ____ ventricular margin from the ______. There is a __________________ recess around ___

Contrast

Post cardiac

Right

Sternum

Lumbodiaphragmatic

T13

The pleural space is a potential space between the ________ pleura (adhered to the lung) and the _________ pleura

Visceral

Parietal

True/False normal pleura is not evident on radiographs (except the mediastinal reflections)

True

The _______ and _______ ____________ ___________ are the only parts of the pleura that we should be able to see on normal thoracic radiographs

Cranial

Caudal mediastinal reflections

With pleural effusion, we can see the _______ of the lung or the soft tissue ________ between the lobes

Outline

Fissures

What are the two systems of the lung?

Conducting

Passive exchange

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli are part of the __________ system

Conducting

The _______ ________ system occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries that surround them

Passive exchange

True/False: the cartilage of the trachea is dense enough to be seen on x-rays

False

Most of the lung is ___ containing __________ system that appears (choose one: radiolucent/radiopaque)

Air

Conducting

Radiolucent

Framework of the lungs that contains the vessels, bronchi, nerves, lymphatics and alveoli. It is not visible in a normal young animal

Interstitium

True/False with age, the fibrous tissue of the interstitium increases the density of it making the ability to visualize blood vessels harder

True

As density of the lungs increases, there is ____ contrast between the vessels and the air filled spaces

Less

Which lung lobe covers over the caudal vena cava?

Right accessory lung lobe

What are the four pulmonary patterns?

Alveolar

Interstitial

Bronchial

Vascular

Pulmonary pattern that indicates replacement of the alveolar air with fluid/cells

Alveolar

What is the hallmark radiographic finding of the alveolar lung pattern?

Air bronchgram

Pulmonary pattern that Indicates filling of the interstitium with fluid, exudate, fibrosis, or masses. Increase opacity in the lungs and decreased visualization of the vessels

Interstitial

Pulmonary pattern characterized by prominent bronchial walls. Usually related to inflammatory airway disease or inhaled irritants

Bronchial

What is a classic radiographic sign of bronchial pulmonary patterns?

Donuts

Tram lines

With which pulmonary pattern is there a complete loss of the vascular marking in the effected area?

Alveolar

Causes of ________ patterns: Pulmonary edema, Pneumonia, Hemorrhage, Atalectasis, Tumor, Granuloma, infarct

Alveolar

The _______ pulmonary pattern is the most severe

Alveolar

What are the two types of interstitial patterns?

Nodular

Unstructured

Nodular interstitial patterns are usually related to __________ or ______ pneumonia causes

Neoplastic

Fungal

___________ interstitial patterns have no organization and can be caused by Edema, Hemorrhage, Pneumonia (bacterial or fungal), or Fibrosis

Unstructured

The (choose one: more/less) well delineated the nodules are the more likely nodular interstitial patterns has a neoplastic cause

More

_______ nodular interstitial patterns is characterized by tiny nodules that are very diffuse and likely has a fungal cause

Miliary

Which pulmonary pattern is most likely to result from bronchitis or asthma?

Bronchial

You (choose one: should/should not) be able to see bronchi on a normal thoracic radiograph

Should not

When evaluating radiographs be __________, __________, and __________

Systematic

Persistent

Consistent

Structures normally seen on cardiac radiographs are:

_______ silhouette

Descending _____

______ vena cava

_____________ air

_________ ________ and _____

Cardiac

Aorta

Caudal

Intratracheal

Pulmonary arteries

Veins

True/False the cranial vena cava is typically seen on normal cardiac radiographs

False

In a lateral view of the canine heart, the heart resides between which ribs?

3-6

The size of the normal ventricles on canine lateral x rays is approximately _._-_._ intercostal spaces

2.5-3.5

Deep narrow thorax heart appears _______ and less _______

Short wide thorax heart will appear _______ and less _______

Upright

Rounded

Rounder

Upright

The angle of trachea is __-__ degrees to heart base at the level of the ______

10-20

Carina

True/False: you should beware of flexion of the neck when taking cardiac radiographs because it can cause the trachea to appear artificially elevated

True

The craniodorsal border of the heart is formed by _____ ______ and _____ _________ appendage, ____ _________ artery, _________ _____, and _______ vena cava on lateral radiographs

Right atrium

Right auricular

Main pulmonary

Ascending aorta

Cranial

The cranial ventral border of the heart is made up of what on lateral radiographs?

right ventricular free wall

On lateral radiographs, the dorsocaudal

border of the heart comprises the ____ ______ and

pulmonary _____ and the ______ vena cava

Left atrium

Veins

Caudal

On lateral radiographs, the caudal ventral

border of the heart is formed by what?

left ventricular free wall

When the mitral valve doesn't close properly, the ____ ______ increases in size which alters the appearance of the _______ _____ on lateral radiographic views

Left atrium

Cardiac waist

In early changes caused by mitral valve regurgitation: there is ______________ of the ______ _______ ______ which indicates mild left atrial enlargement

Straightening

Caudal cardiac waist

In moderate left atrial enlargement, there is ______ _________ and ___________ of the left caudal main stem bronchus on the lateral image

Dorsal deviation

Compression

Moderate left atrial enlargement causes dorsal deviation and compression of what structure?

Left caudal mainstem bronchus

At what point in left atrial enlargement does coughing present (mild/moderate/severe)

Moderate (due to compression of left caudal main stem bronchus)

Canine severe left atrial enlargement can bulge between the _____ ____ ________ and extend to the _______ border of the vertebrae (_________ Sign)

Main stem bronchus

Ventral

Backpack

The cat heart is more _________ and __________ than dogs. Its ventricles occupy intercostal spaces _-_._ and the heart occupies about _/_ height of the thorax

Elongated

Elliptical

2-2.5

2/3

As cats age, the heart may start to lay on the ______, this is normal, but you need to compensate when _________ it on radiographs as as the position of it has changed

Sternum

Measuring

On VD radiographs of the dog, the shape of heart

somewhat ___________ and is located in the _________. The cranial border is at the level of the ___ ___ and most caudal extent reaches ___ ___

Elliptical

Midthorax

3rd rib

8th rib

On normal cardiac VD radiographs the features fo the dog heart are located:

__:__ to _:__ position- aorta

_:__ to _:__ position-main pulmonary artery

_:__ to _:__ position-left auricular appendage

_:__ to _:__ left ventricle

_:__ to_:__ right ventricle

_:__ to __:__ right atrium

12:00 to 1:00

1:00 to 2:00

2:00 to 3:00

3:00 to 6:00

6:00 to 9:00

9:00 to 12:00

On normal cardiac VD radiographs the features of the dog heart are located:

12:00 to 1:00 position- ____

1:00 to 2:00 position- ____ _________ ______

2:00 to 3:00 position- ____ ________ _________

3:00 to 6:00 ____ _________

6:00 to 9:00 _____ _________

9:00 to 12:00 _____ ______

aorta

main pulmonary artery

left auricular appendage

left ventricle

right ventricle

right atrium

A patent ductus arteriosus may cause an abnormal ________ _____

Descending aorta

The left atrium on a VD view in the dog sits between the two ________ _______ dead ______ over the top of the heart

Mainstem bronchi

Center

True/False: on a VD cardiac view of a dog the left atrium is located between the main stem bronchi and is usually not seen as a separate distinct chamber-UNLESS enlarged heart

True