Genetics unit 2

The central dogma of molecular biology

DNA- RNA- proteins

Stages of transcription

Initiation, elongation, termination

Function of rna polymerase

Synthesize a strand of mRNA in 5-3

mRNA ends

5’ g cap and a 3’ poly a tail to prevent other enzymes eating it up

Purpose of RNA splicing

Introns removed by spliceosomes exons are pasted together to make a mature mRNA strand

Large ribosomal subunit

Catalyzes peptide bond formation

Small ribosomal subunit

Decodes genetic message

Alternative splicing

More tan one stand of mRNA can be made from the same gene

Histones

DNA is wrapped around positively charged proteins that provide structural support to the chromosome

Histone acetlyation

Alters chromatin structure and allows dna binding proteins to interact with exposed sites to activate transcription

DNA methylation

Represses transcription

Operon structure

Operator promoter and structural genes

Repressor

Turns transcription off when turned on (TRP)

Inducer

Turns transcription on (LAC)

CRISPR

Go in an edit one specific gene

Gene therapy

Use viruses to deliver functional copies of genes

Gene switches

Alter the switches with regulate the expression of genes by binding to different proteins that affect rna polymerase

Exon skipping

Shortened but functional protein

Small molecule drugs

Interact directly with disease causing proteins block negative affect s of disease causing proteins or restore