mod 7 iq4

Sanitation

The practice of maintaining clean and hygienic conditions, especially in relation to waste and sewage disposal.

Overcrowding

A situation where there are too many people in a given space, which increases the transmission of infectious diseases.

Communication networks

The infrastructure and systems that enable the exchange of information, including medical advice and access to healthcare.

Cultural and religious beliefs

Beliefs and practices that influence attitudes towards medical advice, burial rituals, and the use of Western medicinal practices.

Disease transmission

The spread of infectious diseases from one person to another.

Geography

The physical features and characteristics of a region, such as mountains, deserts, rainforests, or grasslands, which can influence disease transmission and population mobility.

Coastal areas

Regions located near the coast, where microbes can arise in the water and consumption of shellfish is often associated with infections.

Trade of produce

The exchange of goods between different regions, which can contribute to the transmission of diseases.

Seasonal variations

Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns that occur during different seasons, which can influence the occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks.

Refugee populations

People who have been forced to leave their home countries due to conflict or persecution, often facing difficulties in limiting the spread of infectious diseases.

Epidemic

The occurrence of a disease in a community or region in excess of what is normally expected.

Pandemic

An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, affecting a large number of people.

World Health Organization (WHO)

A global organization responsible for international public health, making judgments on disease classification and conducting research to prevent future pandemics/epidemics.

Hygiene practices

Actions taken to keep the body clean and reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens to others.

Personal hygiene

Practices related to keeping one's body clean, such as washing hands with soap and water before preparing and eating food.1. Pathogens:Microorganisms that can cause disease.

Transmission

The process of pathogens being passed from one person to another.

Personal hygiene

Practices such as washing hands, brushing teeth, and showering to maintain cleanliness and prevent the spread of pathogens.

Community hygiene

The maintenance of cleanliness and sanitation in a community to prevent the rapid spread of disease.

Sterilization

The process of killing or removing all microorganisms from equipment or surfaces.

Disinfection

The process of reducing the number of microorganisms on equipment or surfaces to a safe level.

Clean food and water

Practices and measures taken to ensure that food and water are free from pathogens.

Sewage treatment

The process of treating wastewater to remove pathogens and prevent their spread.

Quarantine

A method used to prevent the entry and spread of diseases by isolating individuals who have been exposed to the disease.

Isolation

A method used to control the spread of diseases by isolating individuals who are already infected.

Animal quarantine

The process of subjecting animals entering a country to quarantine to ensure they are free from disease.

Plant quarantine

The examination of plants brought into a country for pests or diseases.

Human quarantine

The process of subjecting individuals entering a country to medical tests and isolation to prevent the spread of diseases.

Vaccination

The administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity against a specific disease.

Passive immunity

Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another individual or animal.

Active immunity

Immunity acquired through the immune response of the body to a pathogen or vaccine.1. Microorganisms:Small organisms that are not visible to the naked eye, such as bacteria or viruses.

Immune response

The body's defense mechanism against pathogens, involving the production of memory cells and antibodies.

Memory cells

Cells that "remember" a specific pathogen and allow for a faster immune response upon re-exposure.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize or destroy pathogens.

Pathogen

A disease-causing microorganism.

Secondary response

The immune response that occurs upon re-exposure to a pathogen, resulting in a faster and more effective defense.

Disease symptoms

Physical signs or manifestations of an illness.

Vaccinations

The administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity against a specific disease.

Herd immunity

When a significant portion of a population is immune to a disease, reducing its spread and protecting those who are not immune.

Booster vaccinations

Additional doses of a vaccine given to maintain or enhance immunity over time.

Passive Acquired Immunity

Immunity acquired through the introduction of antibodies into the body, either naturally or through injection.

Natural immunity

Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby or through breastfeeding.

Induced immunity

Immunity acquired through the injection of antibodies produced from another organism.

Public Health Campaigns

Advertisements and initiatives aimed at conveying health messages and promoting behavioral risk/protective factors to prevent disease transmission.

Epidemiological studies

Studies that investigate the patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations.

Scientific studies

Research conducted to understand the characteristics and mode of transmission of pathogens.

Coordination of efforts

Collaborative actions taken on local, regional, and global scales to control infectious diseases.

Government regulations

Rules and standards set by the government to ensure proper handling, cooking, and storage of food to minimize disease transmission.

Early detection

Prompt identification of certain diseases, allowing for timely implementation of control strategies.

Pesticides

Chemicals used to kill pests, including insects, fungi, and weeds, that can transmit diseases.

Broad spectrum

Pesticides that can kill a wide range of organisms, including beneficial ones.

Resistance

The ability of organisms to withstand the effects of a pesticide, reducing its effectiveness.

Environmental damage

Harm caused to the environment by the use of pesticides.

DDT

A widely used insecticide in the past, particularly to control malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

Transgenic species

Organisms that have been genetically modified by introducing genes from another species.

Recombinant DNA technology

Techniques used to combine DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations.

Ethical issues

Moral considerations and dilemmas raised by the use of genetic engineering in disease prevention and control.1. Biodiversity:The variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Pathogens

Microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, that can cause disease.

Pharmaceuticals

Medications or drugs used for medical treatment.

Antivirals

Medications used to inhibit the development of viruses inside infected cells.

Cytokines

Proteins produced by cells that regulate the immune response.

Viral replication

The process by which viruses reproduce and multiply within host cells.

Host cells

Cells that are infected by a virus and used by the virus to replicate.

Transcription

The process of copying DNA into RNA.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.

Antibiotics

Medications used to control bacterial infections by killing or slowing the growth of bacteria.

Cell membrane

The outer protective layer of a cell.

Cell wall

A rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane of bacteria and plant cells.

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two identical cells.

Bacteriostatic

Antibiotics that stop bacteria from multiplying.

DNA replication

The process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules.

Protein production

The process of synthesizing proteins within cells.

Metabolic processes

Chemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life.

Microbial resistance

The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antibiotics or antivirals.1. Antiviral drugs:Medications used to treat viral infections by stopping the spread of viral diseases and controlling epidemics and pandemics.

Antibiotics

Medications used to treat bacterial infections by targeting bacteria, but not effective against viral infections. Misuse and overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance.

Ebola Virus

Extremely contagious virus with a 2-20 day incubation period and symptoms including fever, headache, chills, diarrhea, vomiting, and myalgia. Can lead to severe bleeding, organ failure, and death.

Quarantine with Isolation Camps

Method of managing and containing infectious diseases by isolating affected individuals in a treatment center with appropriate space, single patient rooms, restricted visits, and use of personal protective equipment.

Disposal of Human Faeces

Proper management of human waste in treatment centers, including separate facilities for males and females and a minimum distance from treatment wards or shelters.

Organic Waste Management

Proper disposal of garbage and waste in treatment centers, including abundant garbage bins and appropriate burial sites for dead bodies.

Water Management and Site

Proper management of medical wastewater and urine disposal in treatment centers, such as using cesspits or pit latrines.

Reducing Wildlife-to-Human Transmission

Measures to prevent transmission of diseases from animals to humans, including thorough cooking of meat and wearing gloves when handling animal reservoirs.

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease occurring during a specified time period, expressed as the infection rate or probability of contracting the disease.

Prevalence

The proportion of the population that has a disease at a particular point in time, including both new and previous cases.

Mobility

An important factor in assessing potential disease outbreaks, as it determines how easily a pathogen can spread across a population. Increased mobility can lead to higher prevalence and incidence of a disease.

Dengue Fever

A mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus, characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and rashes. Can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.

Herd Immunity

When a significant proportion of the population is immunized against a disease, reducing the risk of transmission to immunocompromised or non-vaccinating individuals.1. Prevalence:The occurrence or frequency of a disease in a specific population or geographic area.

Dengue fever

A viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, characterized by high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, and rash.

Epidemics

Sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population.

El Nino phenomenon

A climate pattern characterized by warming of the ocean surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, which can affect weather patterns globally.

Viral evolution

The process by which viruses change and adapt over time, leading to the emergence of new strains or variants.

Climate change

Long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other aspects of the Earth's climate system, often attributed to human activities.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas.

Quarantine

The isolation or restriction of movement of individuals who may have been exposed to a contagious disease, to prevent its spread.

Lazaretto

A hospital or quarantine station for isolating individuals with contagious diseases.

Pathogen

A microorganism, such as a virus or bacteria, that can cause disease.

Spot map

A visual representation of the geographic distribution of cases or events, used to identify patterns or relationships.

Vaccines

Biological preparations that stimulate the immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, preventing infection or reducing its severity.

SARS outbreak

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome outbreak, a global epidemic caused by a coronavirus in 2003.

Cultural control

Strategies or practices developed by different cultures to prevent or control the spread of diseases, often based on traditional beliefs or customs.

Ebola outbreak

A widespread epidemic of Ebola virus disease, a severe and often fatal illness, primarily affecting countries in West Africa.

Health literacy

The ability to obtain, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions about one's health.