URETER,URINARY BLADDER, UTERUS,OVARIES

URETER

• In both sides of spine

• In ultrasound, you can’t normally see the ______ unless dilated.

• Normal diameter is 7mm

Ureteroectasia

• dilated ureter

• Causes:

  o Presence of stones, Stenosis, Stricture, Tumor

URINARY BLADDER

• In pelvic cavity

• Spherical

• Echogenic wall

• Anechoic lumen (if filled with urine)

• Thickness of bladder wall is up to 5mm

1. Distended

2. Empty

BLADDER PREPARATION:

Distended

• Px take 6-8 glasses or 1 liter of water

• Full bladder

Empty

• There are examinations like transrectal or transvaginal

• Px urinates before the scan

BLADDER EXSTROPHY

The urinary bladder is outside

CYSTITIS

• Inflammation of urinary bladder

• Thickened wall

BLADDER DIVERTICULUM

Outpouching

CYSTOLITHIASIS

Bladder stone

Post void

px urinate, scan and measure liwat

Pre void

have the px a well distended bladder, mag scan ikaw dapat puno tapos measure ang volume

90cc/40%

urinary retension

1. FUNDUS : UPPER PART

2. BODY

3. CERVIX

UTERUS PORTIONS:

Fundus anterior

anteverte; normal position of uterus

Fundus posterior

retroverte; abnormal position of uterus

Anteflex

fundus anteriorly located; ang body of uterus gatiko

Retroflex

fundus is directed posteriorly

Menopausal = 7-10mm

Size of uterus: uterus is longer than cervix

4mm

Post Menopausal size of uterus during atrophy

2.5 cm

Length of cervix

NABOTHIAN CYST

Cyst sa cervix

OVARIES

• Triangular with follicles

• Locations:

  o Side of uterus; most common site

  o In the fundus

  o Posterior to uterus

1. STROMA

2. FOLLICLES

Two parts of ovary that are presented in ultrasound:

3cm

Size of ovary

1. TRANSVAGINAL

2. TRANSRECTAL

3. TRANSABDOMINAL

METHODS OF SCANNING FEMALE PELVIC ORGAN:

Transvaginal

• most accurate

• Px prep: empty bladder

Transrectal

• Used for px who haven’t been pregnant

• More accurate than transabdominal

• Px prep: empty bladder

Transabdominal

• Px prep: distention

• 3.5 MHz

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

• After menstruation

• Thickness: up to 7mm

MENSTRUAL PHASE

• Thickness: 8-14mm

• 14mm = menstruate

UTERINE DIDELPHY

Two uterus

MYOMA UTERI/ FIBROIDS

• Uterine Myoma

• Most common benign tumor of uterus

1. INTRAMURAL

2. SUBSEROSAL

3. SUBMUCOSAL

4. CERVICAL

Four types of uterine myoma:

Myomectomy

surgery to remove uterine fibroids

THICKENED ENDOMETRIUM

• is up to 7-10 mm for menopausal, if post menopausal 4 mm

CERVICITIS

Gahabok ang cervix

CERVICAL CANCER

• Bulging of cervix or lips of cervical canal

• Most common complain of px with cervical cancer, when having sexual intercourse, ga bleed ang female

OVARIAN CYST

• Very common

• Common cause of infertility: Polycystic Ovary (PCOS)

• Mature/normal follicle diameter is 1.4

ENDOMETRIAL CANCER

Malignant tumor of ovaries