HG Unit 2 Test (continued)

 Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

 Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics – birth rate and death rate

 Demographic Momentum

the tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

Epidemiological Transition Model

describes changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death

Boserup Theory

population growth is a postive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology foward

Pronatalist Policy

For birth

Birth bonuses, both cash and goods

Lower tax rates with increasing numbers of children (Japan,Italy)

Anti natalist policy

Against birth

Prevention of births and termination of births

Bangladesh, India, China

 Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

counter migration

most migration throughout history has been from rural to urban areas

woman are most likely to move internally while men are more likely to move internationally

Counter migration

migration flows produce movemnets in the opposite direction

Gravity model

migration will be higher in countries with a high population

people move to the places closest nearby and places that have large urban centers

 Aging Population

the dependency ratio is growing as fewer and fewer people are supporting more and more retirees

Migration

permanant move to a new loction

Net Migration

diffrence between immigrants and emigrants

Intervening Obstacles

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

Intervening Opportunities

a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one

Voluntary Migration

a movemnet undertaken by choice that is often permanant

Involuntary/ Forced Migration

movement where people do not have a choice

International Migration

movement outside the country you are leaving

Internal migration

movement within international borders

Interregional Migration

historically rural to urban for jobs

across a region

Intraregional Migration

usually within urban areas from older cities to newer suburbs

within a region

Refugee

a person being forced to leave their country, cannot return

Asylum seekers

a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country, but who hasn't yet been legally recognized as a refugee

 Internal Displaced Persons

has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Tranhumance

nomadic herding; seasonal migration

Transnational Migration

across international borders

Chain Migration

follow previous relatives

Step Migration

series of small, less extreme moves

Rural to Urban Migration

movement from a rural place to an urban place

Guest Workers

people who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs

 Remittances

money earned in their new country mailed back home

nearly 40% of the income of countries like Tajikistan and Kyrgyzation

Zelinsky Migration Transition Model

because of high population growth in stage 2 and 3 countries, people will migrate to countries in stage 4 or 5

Xenophobia

an aversion or hostility to, disdain for, or fear of foreigners, people from different cultures, or strangers

 Ethic Enclaves

a geographical area where a particular ethnic group is spatially clustered and socially and economically distinct from the majority group