Human Bio Exam 3 for Gf havana

Cardiovascular system

transports nutrients

red blood cells are also called

erythrocytes

job of red blood cells

transport O2 and CO2

white blood cells are also called

leukocytes

job of white blood cells

immune system

platelets also called

thrombocytes

job of platelets

cell fragments involved in clotting

plasma is how much of blood volume

55%

formed elements (RBCs

WBCs

what makes up 90% of plasma volume

H2O

where are blood cells made

bone marrow

hemoglobin

carries O2

where does hemoglobin pick up oxygen

lungs

where does hemoglobin release oxygen

tissues

neutrophils

in WBC
surround and engulf foreign cells
60% of WBC

eosinophil

destroy parasites and mediate allergic reactions

basophils

release histamine to begin the inflammatory response

monocyte

become macrophages
engulf foreign cells and other debris

lymphocytes

develop into B and T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes (B cells)

produce antibodies in the antibody mediated immune response

T lymphocytes (T cells)

destroy foreign and infected cells in the cell mediated immune response

hemostasis

blood clotting

arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart

veins

carry blood TOWARD the heart

capillaries

connect arteries and veins

thick

elastic walls with smooth muscle

thin

small diameter

thin

large diameter

which has valves

veins

highest pressure

arteries

lowest pressure

veins

slow blood velocity

capillaries

Tissue Capillary Exchange: arterial end

O2 and nutrients exit capillaries by diffusion
blood pressure > osmotic pressure
water exits

Tissue Capillary Exchange: at venous end

CO2 and wastes enter by diffusion
osmotic pressure > blood pressure
water enters

lymphatic capillaries

only 85% of H2O lost from blood capillaries is absorbed back into blood capillaries
water that isn't absorbed enters blood near the heart

heart has how many chambers

4

what are the chambers of the heart

right/left ventricle
right/left atrium

how many valves does the heart have

4

what do the heart valves do

prevent backflow

what are the name of the valves

2 Atrioventricular valves
2 semilunar valves

what never mixes

O2 poor and O2 rich blood

pulmonary circuit

circulates blood through lungs

systematic circuit

delivers blood from left ventricle to the tissues

order of blood flow: pulmonary circuit

vena cava
right atrium - deoxygenated blood
right Atrioventricular valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary artery
lungs - now oxygenated
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left Atrioventriclar valve
left ventricle

order of blood flow: systematic circuit

left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
branching arteries
capillaries
venules

heartbeat: systole

contraction of heart muscle

heartbeat: diastole

relaxation of heart muscle

what contracts first

and what contracts second

embolism

blockage of blood vessels by materials floating in blood stream

aneurysm

weakening and ballooning of a blood vessel

external respiration

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood in lungs

internal respiration

exchange of O2 and CO between blood and body tissue

cellular respiration

O2 used to make ATP

goblet cells

make mucous
trap dust

cilia

sweep mucous and trapped debris up and out of respiratory tract

when does the diaphragm contract/relax

inspiration

external respiration process

Co2 diffuses out of blood
O2 diffuses into blood

internal respiration process

O2 diffuses out of blood
CO2 diffuses into blood

sympathetic division

prepares body for emergencies
key neurotransmitter: norepinephrine
fight-or-flight reaction

parasympathetic division

relaxes body
key transmitter: acetylcholine
lowers heart rate

hindbrain

coordinates basic

midbrain

coordinates muscle groups

in-between brain

relays sensory info to forebrain

forebrain

receives

mechanoreceptors

mechanical energy

Thermoreceptors

heat/cold

pain receptors

tissue damage or excessive heat

chemoreceptors

respond to presence of chemicals

photoreceptors

respond to light

somatic sensations

temp

special senses

taste

endocrine system

makes hormones used for communication between cells in distant part of body

endocrine system 2 basic functions

development
homeostasis

endocrine system facts

chemical signal: hormone
slow acting
travels through blood and can reach all parts of body
diffuses out of blood into tissue at some distant locations

steroid hormones

like lipid
nonpolar
can cross cell membranes
testosterone

Nonsteroid hormones

like proteins
polar
cant cross cell membranes
ADH

negative feedback

controlled variable
sensor
control center
effectors

2 states we alternate between every day

absorptive state
post-absorptive state

absorptive state

when digested nutrients enter blood after eating

what happens during the absorptive state

glucose used to meet energy needs

excess glucose stores as glycogen or fat

post-absorptive state

when digestive tract is empty
haven't eaten in a while

what happens during the post-absorptive state

glycogen that was stored is broken down ad used to maintain blood glucose

alpha cells

glucagon

beta cells

insulin

insulin

USED DURING ABSORPTIVE STATE
DECREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE

Glucagon

USED DURING POST-ABSORPTIVE STATE
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE

"master gland"

pituitary gland

anterior pituitary gland

releases hormones to stimulate gland
6 hormones

posterior pituitary gland

doesn't produce hormones

hormones only stored here
2 hormones

digestive tract

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
colon
rectum
anus

Mouth

chews and mixes food into bolus

pharynx

swallowing

esophagus

tube that passes from pharynx to abdominal cavity

peristalsis

alternating smooth muscle contractions that push food along digestive tract

layers of walls of digestive tract

mucosa: mucous membrane layer
Submucosa: contains blood vessels and nerves
Muscularis: 2 smooth muscle layers create peristalsis
serosa: secretes fluid to keep outer surface slippers

stomach

temporarily stores food
aids in digestion

stomach digests only

proteins

small intestine

primary site for digestion