Endocrine System - A&P Honors

endocrine glands

glands of internal secretion - secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

exocrine glands

glands of external secretion - secreted substances through a duct

steroid hormones

lipid based hormones

amino acid hormones

hormone made of proteins or protein related substances

up-regulated

increased

down-regulated

decreased

cell nucleus

where receptors for steroid hormones are found

cell surface/membrane

where receptors for amino acid hormones are found

neural control

nerve fibers stimulated endocrine organs to release hormones

hormonal control

endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with hypthalamus

humoral control

levels of various substances in body fluids are monitors for homeostatic imbalnace

epinephrine

neurohormone of adrenal gland used a heart stimulant, a vasoconstrictor, and a bronchodilator; release stimulated by adrenal medulla

hypothalamic non-releasing hormones

produced by hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary where they stop certain hormones from being released

hypothalamic releasing hormones

produced by the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulates the release of anterior pituitary hormones

negative feedback

mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis

insulin

stimulated the absorption in body tissues

hypothalamus

releases hypothalamus releasing and non releasing hormones, and regulated metabolism, heart rate, energy level, body temp, and thirst

pituitary gland

pea sized with 2 lobes; in depression of sphenoid bone and inferior to hypothalamus; hormones that stimulated other endocrine glands are called tropic hormones

anterior pituitary hormones

growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRO), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin or TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

prolactin

(PRO) growth of mammary glands and milk production

growth hormone

(GH) growth of bone and muscles

adrenocorticotropin hormone

(ACTH) (tropic) release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex

thyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH) (tropic) release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland

follicle stimulating hormone

(FSH) (tropic) estrogen production, egg production, sperm production

luteinizing hormone

(LH) (tropic) ovulation and testoserone

posterior pituitary hormones

anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone

(ADH) act on kidney, decreased urine output

oxytocin

acts on uterus, causes contractions, acts of breast, causes secretion of milk

thyroid glands

below the larynx (Adams apple); secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin

thyroid hormones

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control energy metabolism and heart production; release controlled by hypothalamus; iodine in diet in required to make T4 and T3

calcitonin

produced and released by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland; causes calcium in blood to deposit and absorb into the bone, reduces the absorption of calcium by intestines and kidneys; maintained by PTH

parathyroid gland

two pairs of glands on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland; secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

parathyroid hormone

(PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to breakdown bone, increase calcium absorption in intestines, and stimulates kidney resorption of calcium from urine and excreting phosphorus

thymus gland

endocrine gland and lymphatic organ; under sternum, anterior to heart, secretes thymosin

thymosin

develops white blood cells called T lymphocytes or T cells that play a kew role in the immune system

pineal gland

pinecone-shaped gland in brain; when exposed to darkness, it releases the hormone melatonin

adrenal medulla

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline rush)

adrenal cortex

releases mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones

pancreas

long, thin gland located posterior to the stomach; both endocrine and exocrine gland; produces and secretes insulin and glucagon

testes

encased by the scrotum; produce sperm and androgen hormones

testosterone

responsible for sperm production development of the male reproductive system, and secondary sex changes during puberty

ovaries

inside female pelvic cavity and produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone

estrogen

helps the development of female reproductive glands and secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle and promote breast development

adipose tissue

secrete prostaglandins with regulated the smooth muscle cells that line the blood vessels and respiratory passages, stimulate muscles of the uterus, and activate the inflammatory response

kidneys

secrete erythropoietin which stimulated red blood cells production

acromegaly (gigantism)

anterior pituitary hyper-secretes growth hormone, causing an increase in overall body size

dwarfism

anterior pituitary gland hyposecretes growth hormone, resulting in adult height of four feet or less

diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior pituitary which causes kidney to increase urine production

hyperthyroidism

overactive thyroid

goiter

enlarged thyroid caused by insufficient amounts of iodine or a thyroid disorder

graves disease

autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of eyes

hypothyroidism

underactive thyroid caused by thyroiditis

myxedema

causes weight gain, a swollen puffy face, low body temp, dry skin, and decreased mental activity

neonatal hypothyroidism

occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally or after birth

hypercalcemia

hypersecretion of PTH, causing increased blood calcium levels and increased calcium absorption by the kidneys

hypocalcemia

low blood calcium levels, leads to unstable nerve and muscle membranes; causes tetany (sustained muscle contraction)

phenochromocytoma

hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine which causes high blood pressure, repaid heart rate, weight loss, nervousness, and sleep disturbances

cushing sysndrome

hypersecretion of cortisol; causes weight gain, high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osterporosis

addison’s disease

hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones; causes muscle atrophy, a bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness

diabetes mellitus

a condition when the body is unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood glucose levels

type I diabetes mellitus

juvenile-onset diabetes

type II diabetes mellius

adult onset diabetes

insulin resistance

pancreas secrete insulin, but body’s insulting receptors are down-regulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels

hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose levels

peripheral neuropathy

degenerative state of peripheral nerves markes by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness