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Phonetics, Continued

  • air flow is directly related to loudness
  • air flow configurations
    • oral: air coming primarily through mouth (a, e)
    • nasal: velic port is open and mouth is closed. air is just coming out nose (m, n)
    • nasalized: velic port and mouth open. air flows through both mouth and nose
  • air flow is critical for understanding articulation (VPM)
    • voicing: action of air flow at larynx
    • larynx composed of several cartilages
      • thyroid, artenoid, hyoid
    • vowels are always voiced, consonants can be voiced or voiceless
    • place: action of air flow at velic tract
    • x-axis on IPA chart
    • bilabial: both lips (p, b)
    • labiodental: lower lip and upper teeth (f, v)
    • dental: tongue tip touches front teeth (t)
    • alveolar: tongue tip touches alveolar ridge 
    • post-alveolar: tongue body is curved back to touch rear of alveolar ridge
      • retroflexion: underside of tongue is facing hard palate
    • palatal: body of tongue, not tip (yellow)
    • velar: dorsum of tongue raises to make contact at soft palate (k, g)
    • uvular: dorsum of tongue raiss to make contact at uvula (q)
    • pharyngeal: tongue root retracts toward the oropharynx ®
    • glottal: vocal folds at larynx (british ‘bottle’)
    • manner: how airflow at vocal tract is manipulated
    • y axis on IPA chart
    • stops / plosives: moving articulator makes a temporary seal of airflow. released to make sound
    • fricatives: narrow constricting of air flow in oral cavity. air flow becomes turbulent
    • approximates: mildly impedes airflow, but not enough to create turbulence (r, j, w)
      • central approximate: tongue remains in normal axis
      • lateral: sides of the tongue (lamina) fold in
      • [l] loop. light l
      • [ɬ] pool. dark l