APUSH Unit 1 Test

How did the Columbian Exchange impact the New World and Europe?

* population growth in Europe by bringing new crops from the Americas
* started Europe’s economic shift toward capitalism
* resulted in the mixing of people, and deadly diseases that devastated the Native American population, animals, goods, and trade flows

What was the encomienda system?

a labor system established by the Spanish Crown in 1503. This new system rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. But they didn’t just get the land, they got the labor of the people living in the land as well

How did the introduction of horses influence the Native American groups?

Horses revolutionized Native life and become an integral part of tribal cultures, honored in objects, stories, songs, and ceremonies. Horses changed methods of hunting and warfare, modes of travel, lifestyle, and standards of wealth and prestige

What did the Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans have in common

they all practiced farming, developed social structures, raised armies, and worshipped many gods (polythestic). All led by divine rulers; all built pyramids.

What was three sister farming?

the Iroquois and Cherokee called corn, bean, and squash “the three sister” because they nurture each other like family when planted together

The Iroquois

in the northeastern woodlands, inspired by a legendary leader named Hiawatha, in the 16th century. The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organization skills to sustain a robust military alliance. The “IC” bound together five Indians nations; it was founded in the late 1500s by two leaders, Deganawidah and Hiawatha.

Why did England have little interest in colonization before the 1600s?

they were not that interested to compete with the Spanish i established colonies. Religious conflicts such as the Protestant Reformation also kept the English busy for many years.

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The English Defeat of the Spanish Armada played an important road in English colonization of North America

Mayflower Compact

a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon

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* signed by 41 adult men
* not all were pilgrims
* will of the majority
* foundation for self-government
* democratic process
* 2nd example of representative democracy

Massachusetts Bay Colony

persecution of Puritans in Europe grow

* only freemen (adult males who belonged to the Puritan church) could vote
* about 40% (more than England)
* leader John Winthrop distributed commoners
* Governor and Assembly were elected bu only by Puritans

Great Migration (1630s)

about seventy thousand refugees left England. But not all of them were Puritans, and only about twenty thousand come to

Massachusetts

“City Upon a Hill”

leaders at MBC wanted it to be a model for Christian Charity

* utopia society
* shame England to the Puritans’ way (protestant work ethic)

Anne Hutchinson

an exceptionally intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative woman, ultimately the mother of fourteen children

* angered her pastor: John Cotton
* claimed God spoke to her
* leadership was unsaved


* antinomianism

Anne goes on trial and is banished from MBC

* goes to Rhode Island, then New York

Roger Williams

a model Puritan, very popular, was critical of MBC

* __**church and government should be separate**__
* __**compensate the Native Americans for lost land**__

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

a modern constitution and 3rd example of representative democracy

* established democracy by qualified voters
* any adult, white male property owner can vote (not just church members)

King Philip’s War: 1675

* Metacon (Philip) unites several tribes
* attacks settlers and towns
* Native Americans will never threaten New England again

New England Confederation

1st example of Colonial unity in New England

* __**only Puritan**__ __**colonies**__ (MBC, Plymouth, CT)
* __**defense vs. Native Americans, Dutch and French**__
* __**each colony gets two votes**__

Dominion of New England

Massachusetts suffered further humiliation in 1686 when the royal authority created this

* New England, NY, and NJ
* defense
* more control over the colonies (trade)- Sir Edmund Andros

William Penn

a wellborn and athletic young Englishman was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660, when sixteen-years-old

* runs a model colony
* __**good relations with Native Americans**__ **(land rights)**
* oversee land sales (advertised)
* Govt. with strong exec./rep.

The extent of religious freedom in the colonies

* Though leaving England for religious freedom, they kept access limited
* Maryland only let Christians have freedom of worship (Act of religious Tolerance)
* Puritans were able to be a model for Christian Charity in MBC
* In Pennsylvania there was no tax supported or established church but Catholics or Jews cannot hold office or vote

The major effect of the plantation system on the southern colonies

combination of geographic, economic, and social factors enabled slavery to take root in southern society

Main reasons for the New England settlements

* booming population
* religious tension
* economic opportunity
* changes in farming
* primogeniture

Founding of the New England settlements affect the local Native Americans

* diseases killed most of the population
* European colonists could easily take over the lands
* birth rates decreased

Characteristics of Pennsylvania make it different from other colonies

William Penn wanted to use Quaker principles: (Inner Light)

* no oaths
* no class distinction
* equality (women)
* pay taxes?
* pacifists
* hats
* no slavery

Royal Colonists differ from proprietary colonies

RC were ruled directly by the English monarchy; Carolinas, Virginia, Massachussets, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Georgia

PC an individual or small elite group essentially owned the colony, controlled all action of government but reported to the king; Deleware, Maryland, Pennsylvania

The Paxton Boys and the Regulator Movement. Reasons for each and the outcomes

PB wanted protection from Indians and RM believed that tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of the one’s involved eventually joined the embattled American revolutions

Bacon’s Rebellion and major results

In 1676, about a thousand Virginians revolted against the Virginia Government. Though it fell a part due to Bacon’s sudden death of disease, the attach scared planters and they fled to Africa

Examples of resistance to slavery

they mixed Christianity with African and Western traditions and drew their own conclusion from scripture

at their prayer meetings, slaves also patched African remnants onto conventional Christian ritual

Christian slaves also often used outwardly religious songs as encoded messages about escape or rebellion

Zenger trial and impact (1734-1735)

a newspaper printer published criticism of government officals and was trialed bu jury. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, countered that exposing and opposing arbitrary power was at stake and the jury returned Zenger a verdict of not guilty. The Zenger decision was a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy

Major results of the Great Awakening

* influenced questioning authority
* separation of church and state


* connected common people

Restoration Period

__**1650s**__

Puritans are not tolerant of other beliefs

__**freedom of religion for Puritans only**__

Plymouth

__**1620**__