Science

Hi

The ventricles of the brain arise from which structure

Neural tube

Which ventricles are C-shaped and paired

Lateral Ventricles

Where is the third ventricle located

Diecephalon

The 4th ventricle is found dorsal to which structure

Pons

Which part of the CNS contains a cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, and additional gray matter in the nuclei

Cerebrum

What surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord

Gray matter

Which part of the brain forms it’s superior part and makes up 83% of the mass

Cerebrum

Ridges on the brain are known as

Gyri

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Central sulcus

The central sulcus separates which two gyri

Precentral and postcentral gyri

Which area of the brain enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements

Cortex

Each hemisphere of the brain acts

Contralaterally

What is not true about the brain hemisphere

They are equal in function

Which area of the brain controls voluntary movement

Motor areas

Where is the primary motor cortex located

Precentral gyrus

The premotor cortex involved in

Planning of movements

Broca’s area is located in

The inferior region of the premotor area

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the

Prostcentral gyrus

Which cortex integrates sensory information and forms a comprehensive understanding of the stimulus

Somatosensory association cortex

Which cortex is seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe?

Primary visual cortex

Which area interprets visual stimuli, such as color, form, and movement?

Visual association area

Which part of the brain is involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

Prefrontal cortex

Which area is necessary for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience?

Prefrontal cortex

Wernicke's area is involved in:

Sounding out unfamiliar words

Which fibers connect gray matter of the two hemispheres?

Commissures

Which type of fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere?

Association fibers

Projection fibers connect:

Hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

Functions of basal nuclei include:

Influencing muscle movements and regulating intensity

Disorders associated with basal nuclei include:

Parkingson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

Frontal and parietal

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates which lobes?

Parietal and occipital

The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?

Parietal and temporal

Which functional area controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills?

Premotor cortex

Which cortex is involved in the planning of movements?

Premotor cortex

Which cortex receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles?

Primary somatosensory cortex

Which functional area of the brain is involved in conscious awareness of sensation?

Sensory areas

The prefrontal cortex is closely linked to which system?

Limbric system

Which functional area integrates diverse information?

Association areas

Which area of the brain is involved in coordinating auditory and visual aspects of language?

Lateral and ventral temporal lobe

Broca's area is primarily responsible for:

Speech preparation and production

Which function is not associated with the thalamus?

Controlling voluntary movements

All afferent impulses from the senses converge and synapse in the:

Thalamus

Impulses of similar function are sorted out and relayed as a group in the:

Thalamus

The hypothalamus is located:

Below the thalamus

The mammillary bodies are a relay station for:

Olfactory pathways

The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the:

Pituitary gland

Which is not a homeostatic control function of the hypothalamus?

Initiating voluntary muscle movements

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus sets our:

Biological clock

Which hormones are produced by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Oxytocin and ADH

The most dorsal portion of the diencephalon is the:

Epithalamus

The pineal gland secretes:

Melatonin

The choroid plexus is responsible for producing:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

The brain stem consists of:

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Which structure is located between the diencephalon and the pons?

Midbrain

The cerebral aqueduct connects which ventricles?

Third and fourth

The cerebral peduncles contain:

Descending pyramidal motor tracts

Which structure is part of the midbrain?

Both A and B

The pons is located between the:

Midbrain and medulla oblongata

The pons contains nuclei involved in:

Reticular formation

The pons forms part of the:

Anterior wall of the fourth ventricle

The most inferior part of the brain stem is the:

Medulla oblongata

The inferior olivary nuclei are involved in:

Relaying stretch information from muscles/joints to cerebellum

The cardiovascular control center is located in the:

Medulla oblongata

The cerebellum is located:

Dorsal to the pons and medulla

The cerebellum makes up approximately what percentage of the brain's mass?

11%

Which structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

Vermis

The cerebellum provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of:

Skeletal muscle contraction

The distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter is known as the:

Arbor vitae

The cerebellum receives sensory information about the body's position and movement from:

Proprioceptors and visual signals

Which of the following tracts connects the cerebellum to the midbrain?

Superior peduncles

Which part of the brain deals with anger, danger, and fear responses?

Amygdala

What role does the cingulate gyrus play in emotion?

Expresses emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict

Which structure is responsible for converting new information into long-term memories?

Hippocampus

What is the function of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert

What does the RAS filter out?

Repetitive and weak stimuli

Which area of the brain is involved in speech production?

Broca's area

Damage to which area results in the ability to understand language but inability to speak?

Broca's area

Which brain area is involved in understanding spoken and written words?

Wernicke's area

What factor does not affect the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Time of day

Which type of amnesia involves the loss of memories formed in the distant past?

Retrograde amnesia

What are brain waves a reflection of?

Electrical activity of higher mental functions

Which condition is characterized by a torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons?

Epileptic seizure

Which is not a clinical grade of consciousness?

Hyperactivity

Which type of sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements?

REM sleep

Which disorder involves abrupt lapses into sleep from an awake state?

Narcolepsy

Which meninx is known as the "tough mother"?

Dura mater

Which part of the brain is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?

Choroid plexus

What is the function of arachnoid villi?

Absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood

What is the main cause of hydrocephalus in newborns?

Blockage of CSF circulation or drainage

Which condition involves the loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe?

Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS)

What is cerebral palsy primarily associated with?

Lack of oxygen during birth

Where does the spinal cord end?

L1 or L2 vertebra

What is the filum terminale?

Fibrous extension of the pia mater

What is the cauda equina?

Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

What type of paralysis involves severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells?

Flaccid paralysis

Which condition involves poorly controlled or paralyzed voluntary muscles due to brain damage

Cerebral palsy

Which part of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst?

Hypothalamus

What is the function of the mammillary bodies?

Relay station for olfactory pathways

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Infundibulum

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin