Gen BIO II phylogenies and derived traits

Archaea

unicellular, extremophiles, methanogens, anaerobes

bacteria

single-celled microorganisms, includes cyanobacteria, proteobacteria-E Coli and ancestors of mitochondria, some are pathogenic

eukaryotes

nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, primary endosymbiosis of mitochondria

archaeplastida

primary endosymbiosis of chloroplasss, all photosynthetic, includes red and green algae for secondary endosymbiosis

SAR

secondary endosymbiosis of red algae, includes rhizaria, alveolates, stramenopiles

Amoebozoa

blob shaped with pseudopodia

opisthokonta

includes nucleariids, fungi, choanoflagellates, animals

Discoba

secondary endosymbiosis of green algae, crystalline rod in flagella

chlorophytes

cellulose cell wall

charophytes

sporopollenin, flagellated sperm, cellplate formation during cytokinesis

rhizaria

protective shells

alveolates

alveoli

stramenopiles

2 flagella

choanoflagellates

unicellular, flagellated

porifera

no symmetry, sponges, feeding cells in spongocoel called choanocytes

cnidaria

radial symmetry, stinging cells called cnidocytes

acoela

acoelomates

fungi

absorbtive heterotrophy, hyphae that elongate, chitin cell wall, fruitting bodies, mating types

echinodermata

endoskeleton of calcium carbonate, water vascular system, sea stars, deuterostomes

chordata

notochord, 1 hox cluster, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, deuterostomes

Platyhelminthes

acoelomates, flat worms

rotifera

pseudocoelomates, corona

mollusca

coelomates, visceral mass, mantle, foot, some have radula

annelida

repeated segmentation, coelomates, earthworms

nematoda

cuticle covered bodies, pseudocoelomate

arthropoda

coelomates, joints/appendages, tagmata

metazoa

animals, multicellular, extracellular matrix

eumetazoa

tissues, symmetry

bilateria

bilateral symmetry, triploblasty

nephrozoa

coelom

deuterostomia

deuterostome development

protostomia

protostome development

spiralia

genetic similarities

ecdysozoa

ecdysis/molting

mammalia

mammary glands, hair and fat layer to regulate body temp, birth live young

vertebrates

segmented vertebrae replace continuous notochord, 2 or Hox clusters

gnathostomes

hinged jaw, 4 hox clusters, bony skeleton or only jaw/cartilage body in basal clade-Chondrichthyes

osteichthyes

lungs/swim bladder, basal clade=antinopterygii

Lobe-fins

muscular limbs/fins, basal clades: actinista, dipnoi

tetrapods

4 limbs and digits, neck, fused pelvic girdle, basal clade=amphibia

amniotes

egg with amnion, ribcage ventilation, fully terrestrial

jawless fish

cartilage, no bone

chondrichthyes

bony jaw and cartilage body, sharks/rays

actinopterygii

ray-finned fish, tuna

actinista

coelacanths

dipnoi

have both lungs and gills

veridoplantae

all green algae, cellulose cell wall

streptophyta

sporopollenin, flagellated sperm, cell plate formation during cytokinesis

plants

alternation of generations, multicellular dependent embryo, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, apical meristerns, cuticle, stomata

vascular plants

sporophyte dominant, transport in vascular tissue-xylem and phloem, roots, leaves, sporophylls

seed plants

seeds, reduced dependent gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen

nonvascular plants

basal plants, bryophytes-mosses and related

ferns

basal vascular plants, sporophyte dominant

gymnosperms

basal seed plants, seeds exposed on modified leaves/cones, heterospory

angiosperms

flowers, fruit, double fertilization, endosperm