py435 exam 1

psychology

the study of mind and behavior

motivation

the desire to make us do something for pleasure or displeasure

drive

internal sensation that fuels the motivational state

dopamine

phenylalanine -\> tyrosine -\> 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

Norepinephrine

phenylalanine -\> tyrosine -\> 4-dihyrdoxyphenylalanine -\> dopamine

serotonin

tryptophan -\> 5-hydroxytryptophan

epinephrine

phenylalanine -\> tyrosine -\> 4-dihydroxypehnylalanine -\> dopmaine -\> norepinephrine

how many neurons does the brain have

86 billion

what are nerves

elongated axons that end at muscles and organs

what information do nerves convey

sensory (afferent): messages to the brain

motor (efferent): messages away from the brain

peripheral nerves

somatic and autonomic

somatic

muscles and what you can do (voluntary)

autonomic

activating functions we do not have to think about (involuntary) (automatic)

what two nervous systems are in the autonomic

sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

sympathetic nervous system

feel it; fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

at work when you are relaxing; stores energy

endocrine system

a group of grands that secrete chemicals called hormones

exocrine galnds

produce and deliver secretions directly to where they are used (does not travel through bloodstream) (goes through ducts)

endocrine glands

secrete hormones into the bloodstream to be carried to where they are needed

name 2 pituitary glands/hormone/function

anterior pituitary gland:
prolactin: production of breast milk

posterior pituitary gland:
oxytocin: induces social bonding, labor, and release of breast milk

name 2 other glands/hormone/function

ovaries- estrogen: produces secondary sex characteristics in females

testes- testosterone: produces secondary sex characteristics in males and females

what are the four basic drives

feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornicating (mating)

too much Acetylcholine (ACh)

death

-black widow spider poison
-nerve gas
-pesticides

too little Acetylcholine (ACh)

death

-botulism: improperly canning preserves
-d-tubocurare: a paralytic (botox contains small amounts of this)
-can effect memory
-calaber bean

homeostasis

state of steady conditions maintained by living systems

negative feedback

regulates body hormones (ex. sweating keeps body cooled)

three main parts of the brain tree

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

two main parts of the forebrain

telencephalan and diencephalan

three main parts of the telencephalan

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

four main parts of the cerebral cortex

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, paritial lobe

three main parts of the basal ganglia

caudate, gleubus pollidus, putamen

seven main parts of the limbic system

nucleus accumbens
fornix
mammilary glands
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate cortex
septum

two main parts of the diencephalan

hypothalamus and thalamus

main part of the midbrain

mesencephalan

three main parts of the mesencephalan

reticular formation, ventral tegmental area, periaquaductal gray matter

two main parts of the hindbrain

mylencephalan, metencephalan

main part of the mylencephalan

medulla oblongata

two main parts of the metencephalan

cerebellum, pons

what are the brain protectors

skull
cerebrospinal fluid
meninges
ventricles

what does the cerebrospinal fluid do

cushions the brain

what causes chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

a lot of continuous 'blows' to the head

symptoms of CTE

- first is personality changes
- memory loss
-suicidal behaviors
- abnormal gait

what is abraham maslow known for

hierarchy of needs

what is the hierarchy of needs

1. physiological needs: eating/warmth/etc
2. safety needs: security/protection
3. love and belonging: partner/group
4. esteem needs: confidence
5. self-actualization needs: highest potential

what is charles darwin known for

structure dictates function

what is sigmund freud best known for

said we are motivated by unconscious desire and urges

what is walter cannon best known for

homeostasis; fight or flight

what is edward throndike best known for

we are motivated to do things based on their consequences

what is pavlov best known for

learning is shaped by the environment

what is donald hebb best known for

everything is a result of reactions and messages in the brain

what is percy julian best known for

researched soy and callabar beans; birth control

what did Yerkes/Dodson find?

arousal and performance depended on the task (mice experiment)

what did dement/kleitman find

noticed humans go through regular sleep patterns

Who is Randy Gardner?

Man who set the record for sleep deprivation - 11 days (proved brain does not make up for sleep deprivation)

what did Michel Jouvét do

- injected precursor to increase 5-HTP to increase serotonin in brain (in Raphé)

- injected 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to increase dopamine to increase wakefulness and decrease REM (in reticular formation)

- injected physostigmine to increase ACh to increase REM (pons)

reticular formation/reticular activating system

arousal and awake

raphé

activated in order to sleep/inhibits movement during REM

Pons

control REM sleep

sleep functions

restoration theory; adaptation theory; facilitation of learning and memory consolidation theory; REM improves learning that involves emotions

Restoration theory

sleep repairs the wear/tear of activity

adaptation theory

sleep to stay out of harms way

facilitation of learning and memory consolidation theory

babies, concentration, test-taking

REM improves learning that involves emotions

need REM to consolidate emotion

four main sleep disorders

insomnia, sleep apnea, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), narcolepsy

insomnia

trouble falling asleep/staying asleep

Sleep Apnea: Obstructive

obesity and alcohol caused; breathing is obstructed

Sleep Apnea: Central

brain fails to initiate breaths

Suden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

death of a healthy infant because of inability to move if face is obstructed while sleeping

narcolepsy

sleeping at inappropriate times; caused by lack of orexin

sleep attack (narcolepsy)

fall asleep when sitting or not moving; just for a few minutes

Cataplexy (narcolepsy)

Attacks of paralysis like those in rem (looks like fainting)

circadian rhythm

cycles every day/ every 24 hr (sleep wake cycle); internal clock; pineal- melatonin- controls this

zeitgeber

external or environmental cues that can help synchronize circadian rhythms

EEG

electroencephalogram; activity in brain

beta, alpha, theta, delta are the wave patterns

awake: beta
resting/drowsy: alpha

SWS disorders (slow wave sleep)

nocturnal enuresis, somnambulism, pavor nocturnus

nocturnal enuresis

bed wetting

somnambulism

sleepwalking

pavor nocturnus

night terrors

drive reduction theory

an explanation of motivation based on the notion that consummatory behavior meets an underlying need, reducing the motivation for that behavior

sociobiology

the application of darwinian theories of evolution to the study of social and reproductive behavior

neocortex

concerned with sensory awareness and voluntary control of movement

circumventricular organs

group of brain centers around outside of the blood brain barrier that permit the passage of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

synthesizes and transports vasopressin; produces posterior pituitary hormones

antidiuretic hormone

controls water secretion by the kidneys

gonadotropic hormones

anterior pituitary hormones acting on the gonads

adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH)

anterior pituitary controlling sections of the adrenal cortex

glucocorticoids

adrenal cortical hormones involved in regulating metabolism

mineralocorticoids

steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex involved in water and electrolyte balance

diurnal

being active during daylight hours

nocturnal

being active during nighttime hours

free-running rythm

circadian rhythm that emerges when an animal is kept isolated from external cues

zeitgebers

an environmental stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms

ultradian rythms

biological rythms that occur more than once within a 24 hour period

basic rest-activity (BRAC)

a 90 minute cycle that can describe the process of sleep as well as other processes

infradian rythm

rhythms that are longer than 24 hours (mentrual cycle in humans)

circannual rhythms

behavior of animals and birds throughout the year

suprachiasmatic nucleus

cicadian rhythm regulation

electroencephalogram

recordings of cerebral activity

electroencephalograph (EEG)

machine responsible for recording brain activity

dopamine