K401 기말고사 문법

...만큼...-(으)ㄴ...-은/는 없다

there is no...that....as much as...
--> used to indicate that the noun attached to 만큼 is the most (something)

...-을/를 대상으로

targeting someone/something as a (research) subject

자그마치...-(이)나

as many/much as...

불과...(밖에 안...)

barely/merely
--> lit. "there is barely nothing but..."
--> "(명사) 불과 # 밖에 안..."

다시 말해서

to say it again

한 마디로

in one word

...-기 쉽다/어렵다

-ing is easy/difficult

...-와/과...-은/는 깊은 관계가 있다

there is a deep connection between x and y

(형용사/동사)-거나/건...(형용사/동사)-거나/건

or, listing multiple situations or descriptions

...(동사)-ㄴ/는 데에는 (명사)이/가 있다

(verb) involves (noun)
--> 예: 문명이 발달한 데에는 강이 있다 (the development of a civilization involves a river)

(명사)에 따르면

according to...

(명사)-은/는 물론이고, (형용사/동사)-ㄴ/는 것은 물론이고

of course there is...
--> the noun/adjective/verb following the first clause adds more info but the first one is more of a given

(형용사/동사)-(으)ㄹ 뿐(만) 아니라...(형용사/동사)-기도 하다/(명사)-도...

not only...but also...
--> expresses additional information, should be either both positive or both negative

...-을/를...-(으)로/(이)ㄴ 줄 알다

to understand something as...
--> about something that turned out to be incorrect

...-(으)ㄴ 채

while in a state of...
--> a completed state that continues into the following clause/action (often used with "to wear" verbs, 서다/앉다, 모르다) *must refer to an action*

(동사)-(으)ㄴ 바가 있다

official/formal equivalent of -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다

...-을/를...-(으)로 꼽다

count (something) as...
--> related to ranking things (예: (명사)를 최우선, 대표적인 (명사)(으)로 꼽는다)

...-을/를...-(으)로/-다고 여기다/간주하다/생각하다

to consider/regard/think of something as... (formal)

...-(으)ㄴ 것을 보니...-(으)ㄴ/는 것으로 알겠다

seeing...I would take it as...

...-에는...-이/가 담겨 있다

(something) is contained in (something else)
--> usually two nouns, 예: 한 언어에는 문화가 담겨 있다

(형용사/동사)-(으)면서도

while, even though
--> describes two incompatible characteristics or situations, subject must be the same for both clauses, 예: 음식이 비싸면서 맛없다, 그는 알면서도 모른척 한다

...-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다/셈이 되다

can be counted as, "you can say," "it's almost like..."

하나쯤/한번쯤

at least one/some, at least once
--> 한번쯤 used more when referring to unlikely situations + 언젠가

...-와/과 관련된/관련하여/관련되어 있다

related to something (관련되다)

...-(으)ㄴ/는지 궁금하다

to be curious about something
--> (으)ㄹ지 for future
--> 형용사: -(으)ㄴ지
--> 동사: -는지 (colloquial: -나)
--> 과거: -었/았는지 (colloquial: -었/았나)

...-는 것은...-는 것과 같다

x is like y
--> used in the context of 숨겨진 의미, 예: "전화번호를 달라고 하는 것은 관심이 있다는 말과 같다"

(마치)...-듯이

"as if...," seeming like
--> can be directly connected to a verb stem or (형용사/동사)-(으)ㄴ/는, the former of which indicates that the two clauses are the exact same + creates a metaphor, while the latter is more of a guess, 예: 이해하지 못하는 듯이 행동했다, 폭포가 떨어지듯이 눈물을 흐렀다

...-이/가...-(이)라면/있다면...-은/는...-(이)다/있다

comparable statement, "if you say x, then y..."/"if a has b, then c has d"

...-은/는...-기 위해서이다

used in the context of providing reasons, 예: (동사)-는 이유는...-기 위해서이다, "the reason for x is for y"

그대로

as it is, same (그대로인, 그대로다)
--> 문자 그대로 (same as what the sentence says, literally), 말(한) 그대로 (same as what is said)

(...-을/를 보면)...-다/(이)라고 볼/할 수 있다

(looking at)...we can see/say...
--> -을/를 보면 phrase used in context of making statements based on some kind of evidence, 예: (마스크를 쓰지 않아도 되고 사람들은 사회적 거리 두기도 안 하는 것을 보면) 코비드는 이제 지나갔다고 볼 수 있다

...-에 대한/대하여

concerning, about
--> 대한 followed by nouns
--> 대하여 is similar to 대해(서) and focuses more on the following verb

예를 들어/들면

for example
--> 들어 used in writing, 들면 in speaking

-어/아 두다 vs -어/아 놓다

have something saved vs have something laid down
--> both indicate than an action was done + the state of being that resulted from that action is ongoing, but 두다 is used for longer periods of time, 예: 문을 열어 놓았다, 달력을 벽에 걸어 두었다

...-(으)ㄹ 필요가 있다

there is a need to...

...-며

describes clauses that are connected + about the same subject, similar to (으)면서 but only used in writing

...-(으)ㄴ/ㄹ 점

a...point
--> 좋은 점/장점 & 나쁜 점/단점
--> (누구에게) 배울 점 (a point you can learn from someone)