AP World History: The Columbian Exchange & Maritime Empires

What was the purpose of establishing Maritime Empires in the eastern Mediterranean Sea?

To break the trade monopoly of the Ottoman Empire.

What technology was used in ships like the caravel and fluyts?

Lateen sails.

What economic theory justified the control of the economy by new European empires?

Mercantilism.

What did the Columbian Exchange link?

The Western and Eastern hemispheres.

What types of coerced labor dominated the economies of maritime empires?

Chattel slavery of enslaved Africans and the Encomienda system for Native Americans.

What social hierarchy formed in Latin America?

The Casta System.

What new belief system emerged in the Caribbean as a result of cultural syncretism?

Vodun.

What were two navigational benefits of lateen sails?

Allowed for longer ocean-going journeys and sailing into the wind.

What is a caravel?

A small, maneuverable Portuguese ship.

Who opened a school for navigators in Portugal?

Prince Henry the Navigator.

What did Christopher Columbus seek when he crossed the Atlantic in 1492?

The East Indies.

Who was the first European to reach India by sea?

Vasco da Gama.

What was one economic benefit of establishing a trading-post empire?

It created points of trade along the coast of pre-existing states.

What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the economy of the Western Hemisphere?

The introduction of cash crops like tobacco led to a financial boom.

What environmental impact did the Columbian Exchange have?

Introduction of new animals like horses and cows led to soil erosion.

What diseases were introduced to Native Americans through the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox, Malaria, Measles.

What was the role of European colonizers in accelerating the Columbian Exchange?

They brought diseases and crops from the Eastern Hemisphere to the West.

How did populations in Afro-Eurasia benefit from new crops from the Western Hemisphere?

They gained new sources of calories, leading to increased population and diet diversification.

What was the political system used by the Spanish and Portuguese in the New World?

Viceroyalties.

What was the encomienda system?

A system where Spaniards coerced Native Americans into labor while converting them to Catholicism.

What role did Our Lady of Guadalupe play in the Western Hemisphere?

It was significant in the conversion of Native Americans and Mestizos to Catholicism.

What demographic change occurred in Africa due to the transatlantic slave trade?

The number of men decreased significantly.

What were two effects of the creation of the Spanish Potosi Silver mine?

It brought immense wealth to Spain and intensified the Acapulco-Manilla trade route.

Which empire controlled Brazil, Angola, and Mozambique?

Portuguese Empire

Which empire controlled Eastern North America and South Asia?

British Empire

Which empire controlled Indonesia and Nagasaki, Japan?

Dutch Empire

Which empire controlled Western Latin America and the Philippines?

Spanish Empire

What trade restrictions did Ming China enact in response to the West?

Limited trade to a few places

What was the Tokugawa Shogun's policy regarding trade?

Sakoku or 'locked country', limited trade to Dejima in Nagasaki

What are maroon societies?

Communities formed by escaped enslaved people, mostly found in the Caribbean and Brazil

What caused the Cossack Revolts in Russia?

Clashes over land, autonomy, and serfdom as the Russian Empire expanded

What was the outcome of the Pugachev Rebellion?

Cossacks maintained some level of autonomy

Who was Queen Nanny of the Maroons?

A leader in Jamaica who helped enslaved peoples escape and established Nannytown

What did Ana Nzinga negotiate with the Portuguese?

A truce and peace treaty ensuring independence for her kingdom

Who were the Marathas?

A collection of Hindu people who fought against the Mughal Empire in India

What system did the Ottoman Empire use to manage its multi-ethnic population?

The Millet system

What was the Casta system in the Spanish Empire?

A social, political, and economic stratification based on skin color and heritage

What was one attempt by Aurangzeb to suppress diversity in the Mughal Empire?

He worked to end tolerance of Hindus by suppressing their rights

What are cash crops?

Crops grown in the Western Hemisphere to be sold in Europe

What is chattel slavery?

A system where enslaved people are seen as property

What was the Mit'a system in the Inca Empire?

A labor system requiring men to work on government projects for a few months

What are two benefits of establishing a Joint Stock Company?

Limits investor risk by allowing share purchases and grants a monopoly to the company

What does Mercantilism entail?

Colonies exist to serve the mother country, providing resources for its benefit

What economic benefit did Asante and Kongo gain from trade networks?

Increased access to gunpowder and finished products, enhancing their influence

What goods were traded from Europe to Africa?

Guns, Textiles, Rum

What was the impact of trading enslaved peoples from Africa to the Americas?

Massive loss of population and alteration of gender and family roles in West Africa

What goods were traded from the Americas to Europe?

Rum, Tobacco, Sugar, Cotton

What was the impact of wealth extracted from the Americas on European empires?

Maritime Empires transitioned from regional kingdoms to global empires

What was the effect of the Columbian Exchange on Native Americans?

Spread of diseases that killed up to 90% of the population

What was the significance of the Ottoman Empire's control over Constantinople?

It cut off Western Europe from direct trade to the east