chapter 24

A. Ureters

The \___________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
A. ureters
B. urethras
C. vas deferens and uterine tubes
D. efferent arteries

B. Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?
A. Bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter
B. Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
C. Kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter
D. Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
E. Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter

D. Regulation of lymphocyte production

Which is not a function of the kidneys?
A. Regulation of blood pressure
B. Removal of wastes from the blood
C. Regulation of erythrocyte production
D. Regulation of lymphocyte production
E. Regulation of acid-base balance

B. oxygen, erythropoietin

In response to low blood ______ the kidneys secrete __ ___. A. calcium, renin B. oxygen, erythropoietin C. sodium, calcitriol D. potassium, erythropoietin E. glucose, calcitriol

A. 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.

The average adult kidney weighs about 100 grams and measures about:

A. 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.

B. 8 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 1.5 cm thick.

C. 15 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick.

D. 8 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.

E. 12 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 cm thick.

B. the right kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the left kidney.

In order to accommodate the large liver:
A. the left kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the right kidney.
B. the right kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the left kidney.

C. posterior to

The kidneys are located \___________ the peritoneum.
A. within
B. anterior to
C. posterior to

A. fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the:

A. fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.

B. renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.

C. renal fascia, paranephric fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat.

D. renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, paranephric fat.

E. fibrous capsule, paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat.

A. dense irregular connective tissue.

The fibrous capsule of the kidney is composed of:
A. dense irregular connective tissue.
B. adipose connective tissue.
C. reticular connective tissue.
D. smooth muscle fibers.

B. 8 to 15

An adult human kidney typically contains \______ renal pyramid(s).
A. 2 to 5
B. 8 to 15
C. 16 to 24
D. 1
E. 30 to 40

D. Renal medulla

Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?
A. Renal cortex
B. Renal sinus
C. Renal pelvis
D. Renal medulla
E. Renal papilla

C. Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order that urine flows through them?
A. Major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis
B. Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor pelvis
C. Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
D. Major pelvis, minor calyx, renal pelvis
E. Major calyx, renal pelvis, minor calyx

B. minor calyx.

The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the:
A. renal capsule.
B. minor calyx.
C. renal pelvis.
D. renal sinus.
E. renal cortex.

D. Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T10-T12.

Autonomic innervation of the kidney includes:
A. Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T1-T2.
B. Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T10-T12.
C. Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T1-T2.
D. Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T10-T12.

E. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney?
A. Parasympathetic innervation is from the vagus nerve.
B. The kidney is served by the renal plexus.
C. Sympathetic innervation is from segments T10-T12 of the spinal cord.
D. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels.
E. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

d. sympathetic pathways to the T11- L2 dermatomes

Pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the:

a. parasympathetic pathways to the T1-T2 dermatomes
b. autonomic pathways to the inferior pelvic organs
c. somatic pathways to the left shoulder
d. sympathetic pathways to the T11- L2 dermatomes

C. renal cortex.

The renal corpuscle is located within the:
A. collecting duct.
B. renal medulla.
C. renal cortex.
D. renal pelvis.

D. glomerulus.

The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the:
A. Bowman.
B. convoluted capillary bed.
C. glomerular capsule.
D. glomerulus.
E. nephron.

cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area

the proximal convoluted tubule is lined with a

simple columnar epithelium with a slick smooth surface.
stratified squamous epithelium with a tough, durable surface.
cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area.
simple squamous endothelium that makes a slick surface.

C.medulla, ascending

The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the \________ and its \________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule.
A. cortex, ascending
B. cortex, descending
C. medulla, ascending
D. medulla, descending

B. Juxtamedullary nephrons

Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated?
A. Intercalated nephrons
B. Juxtamedullary nephrons
C. Adrenal nephrons
D. Cortical nephrons

C. peripheral, more

Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the \_________ edge of the cortex and are the \______ common type of nephron.
A. deeper, more
B. deeper, less
C. peripheral, more
D. peripheral, less

E. The renal corpuscle may be located in the rental cortex or renal medulla.

Which is not correct regarding nephrons?
A. The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
B. The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule.
C. The nephron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney.
D. Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons.
E. The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

B. One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?
A. One collecting duct drains into one nephron, and one nephron drains into one collecting tubule.
B. One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.
C. One nephron drains into one collecting duct, and several collecting ducts empty into a collecting tubule.
D. One collecting tubule drains into one nephron, and several nephrons drain into one collecting duct.
E. One nephron drains into several collecting tubules, and all tubules eventually lead to one collecting duct.

C. Principal cells

Which type of epithelial cell within collecting tubules and collecting ducts are responsive to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone? A. Type A cells B. Type B cells C. Principal cells D. Intercalated endocrine cells

E. near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located:
A. within the renal sinus.
B. in the renal papilla.
C. in the perinephric fat.
D. inside the tubular pole of the glomerulus.
E. near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

B. granular cells and macula densa

The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the:
A. principal cells and macula densa.
B. granular cells and macula densa.
C. granular cells and intercalated cells.
D. intercalated cells and principal cells.
E. principal cells and granular cells.

A. contract

Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to:
A. contract.
B. relax.
C. release calcitriol.
D. increase endocytosis.

C. renin

Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme:
A. angiotensinogen.
B. antidiuretic hormone.
C. renin.
D. calcitriol.

C. sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of:
A. glucose in the blood.
B. antidiuretic hormone in the urine.
C. sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
D. calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E. aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.

D. renal artery- segmental artery- interlobar artery- arcuate artery- interlobular artery

Which is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the kidney and moved toward a glomerulus?
A. Segmental artery - interlobar artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
B. Interlobar artery - segmental artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
C. Renal artery - interlobar artery - segmental artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
D. Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
E. Arcuate artery - interlobular artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - renal artery

B.drain into an arteriole instead of a venule

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they:
A. carry only deoxygenated blood.
B. drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.
C. contain no endothelium.
D. absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule.
E. secrete mucus.

C. efferent arteriole

An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the:
A. renal artery.
B. proximal convoluted tubule.
C. efferent arteriole.
D. distal convoluted tubule.
E. afferent arteriole.

B. interlobular arteries

Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the: A. arcuate arteries. B. interlobular arteries. C. segmental arteries. D. interlobar arteries. E. peritubular arteries.

D. interlobar vein

As it is leaving the kidney, blood passes directly from the arcuate vein to the: A. renal vein. B. vasa recta. C. segmental vein. D. interlobar vein. E. interlobular vein.

B. tubular fluid

Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop would be considered to be:
A. plasma.
B. tubular fluid.
C. filtrate.
D. urine.

A. filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.

In the process of urine formation, first:
A. filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.
B. tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine.

E. a, e, b, d, c

Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation.

a: Capsular space of glomerulus

b: Nephron loop

c: Collecting duct

d: Distal convoluted tubule

e: Proximal convoluted tubule

A. a, c, b, e, d

B. e, d, b, a, c

C. b, e, c, d, a

D. b, d, c, e, a

E. a, e, b, d, c

B. minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.

Urine passes from a papillary duct into a:
A. major calyx, then to a minor calyx, then to a ureter.
B. minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.
C. ureter, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.
D. renal pelvis, then to a major calyx, then to a ureter.
E. collecting duct, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.

E. Secretion and reabsorption only

Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule?
A. Filtration only
B. Secretion only
C. Reabsorption only
D. Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
E. Secretion and reabsorption only

B. Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood.

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?
A. They both involve movement of material from the blood into the tubular fluid.
B. Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood.
C. Materials move in opposite directions: secretion moves materials into the blood, whereas reabsorption removes them from the blood.
D. They both involve movement of material from the tubular fluid into the blood.

C. tubular secretion.

The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called:
A. filtration.
B. tubular reabsorption.
C. tubular secretion.
D. fenestration.
E. titration.

A. fenestrated

The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of \_________ capillaries.
A. fenestrated
B. continuous

D. proteoglycans, plasma proteins

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and _______ and it restricts the passage of _ . A. phospholipids, plasma ions B. phospholipids, plasma proteins C. proteoglycans, plasma ions D. proteoglycans, plasma proteins

B. visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.

Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the:
A. basement membrane of the glomerulus.
B. visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
C. periphery of the distal convoluted tubule.
D. endothelium of the glomerulus.

C. repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane.

Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are:
A. moved across the filtration membrane by active transport pumps.
B. attracted by the positive charge of the filtration membrane.
C. repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane.
D. engulfed by endocytosis and reabsorbed at the filtration membrane.

B. engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane.

Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by: A. secreting emulsifying agents that dissolve trapped particles. B. engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane. C. opening larger pores in the membrane so that trapped particles move across. D. secreting antibodies that attack the molecules caught in the endothelium.

A. higher, afferent

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is \_______ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of \________ arterioles.
A. higher, afferent
B. higher, efferent
C. lower, afferent
D. lower, efferent

C. blood in the glomerular capillaries.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of:
A. blood in the nephron capsule.
B. tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule.
C. blood in the glomerular capillaries.
D. filtrate in the glomerular capillaries.
E. solutes in the tubular fluid.

B. draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to:
A. push fluid across the filtration membrane.
B. draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

D. smaller, impede

The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally \______ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure \_________ the formation of additional filtrate.
A. larger, facilitate
B. larger, impede
C. smaller, facilitate
D. smaller, impede

B. glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure.

Net filtration pressure is equal to the:
A. capsular hydrostatic pressure plus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
B. glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure.
C. capsular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
D. blood colloid osmotic pressure minus the capsular hydrostatic pressure.
E. glomerular hydrostatic pressure plus blood colloid osmotic pressure minus capsular hydrostatic pressure.

D. liters per minute.

The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are:
A. mm Hg.
B. mm Hg per minute.
C. liters
D. liters per minute.

A. increase

If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would you expect the glomerular filtration rate to change?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. No change

B. extrinsic

Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered \________ controls.
A. intrinsic
B. extrinsic

A. intrinsic

The myogenic mechanism of autoregulation that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidney is an \__________ control of GFR.
A. intrinsic
B. extrinsic

B. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.

If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive:
A. vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to raise GFR.
B. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.
C. vasodilation of efferent arterioles to lower GFR.
D. vasodilation of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.

C. NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers.

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in:
A. systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-borne hormones.
B. urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone ADH.
C. NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers.
D. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles to constrict and increase filtration rate.

B. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.

If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to:
A. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR.
B. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.
C. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.
D. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR.

C. granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction

Sympathetic stimulation causes: A. mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell contraction. B. mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell relaxation. C. granular cells to release renin, awhich ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction. D. granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell relaxation. E. inhibited release of erythropoietin and contraction of granular and mesangial cells.

B. constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in:
A. constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus.
B. constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.
C. dilation of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus.
D. dilation of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.

D. dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.

ANP is a hormone that causes:
A. constriction of the afferent arterioles and release of renin.
B. constriction of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.
C. dilation of the afferent arterioles and release of renin.
D. dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.

B. increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.

The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to:
A. increase urine volume and blood volume.
B. increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.
C. decrease urine volume and blood volume.
D. decrease urine volume and increase blood volume.

B.proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the:
A. proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella.
B. proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.
C. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella.
D. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

D.low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.

Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit:
A. high hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.
B. high hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure.
C. low hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure.
D. low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.

C. transport maximum.

The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the:
A. glomerular filtration rate.
B. renal threshold.
C. transport maximum.
D. net filtration pressure.
E. renal clearance exponent.

B. the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine.

The renal threshold of a substance refers to:
A. the number of protein transporters for the substance per tubule.
B. the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine.
C. the concentration of the substance found in the kidney before the substance becomes toxic.
D. the concentration of the substance in the urine that results in an overall increase in urine volume.

B. Na+/glucose symporter.

For glucose to be reabsorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a:
A. glucose uniporter.
B. Na+/glucose symporter.
C. glucose protein channel.
D. Na+/glucose antiporter.

B. are completely reabsorbed.

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid:
A. are completely secreted.
B. are completely reabsorbed.
C. have half of their plasma concentration secreted.
D. have a little less than half of their tubular fluid concentration reabsorbed.
E. have concentrations in the filtrate and urine that match their transport maximum.

B. pinocytosis.

Proteins that are recaptured from tubular fluid are transported into the luminal membrane by way of:
A. diffusion.
B. pinocytosis.
C. secondary active transport with a symporter.
D. primary active transport with a protein pump.
E. facilitated diffusion with a carrier.

B. high, along the entire tubule

Generally, a very \_______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place \_________.
A. high, only in the nephron loop
B. high, along the entire tubule
C. small, only in the nephron loop
D. small, along the entire tubule

A. stimulates

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that \__________ synthesis of Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principal cells of kidney tubules.
A. stimulates
B. inhibits

B. stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
A. stimulates reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.
B. stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption.
C. inhibits reabsorption of calcium but stimulates phosphate reabsorption.
D. inhibits reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.

B. osmosis through aquaporins.

The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is:
A. primary active transport by means of a protein pump.
B. osmosis through aquaporins.
C. secondary active transport by means of a sodium-water symporter.
D. bulk transport by means of endocytosis.

C. proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption.

Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the:
A. nephron loop and is called obligatory water reabsorption.
B. nephron loop and is called facultative water reabsorption.
C. proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption.
D. proximal convoluted tubule and is called facultative water reabsorption.

A. increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.

Dehydration results in:
A. increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.
B. increased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption.
C. decreased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.
D. decreased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption.

C. type B cells, that secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+

Someone with a diet that is high in vegetables but low in animal protein is likely to have very active:
A. type A cells, that secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+.
B. type A cells, that reabsorb HCO3- and secrete H+.
C. type B cells, that secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+.
D. type B cells, that reabsorb HCO3- and secrete H+.

C. uric acid

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver?
A. Urea
B. Deoxyribose
C. Uric acid
D. Creatinine

B. It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted.

Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney?
A. It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
B. It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted.
C. It is filtered and can also be secreted but not reabsorbed.
D. It is not filtered nor reabsorbed but can be secreted.
E. It is not filtered but can be secreted and reabsorbed.

B. About half of the urea that is filtered is excreted in the urine.

Which accurately describes the handling of urea by the kidney?
A. All of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine.
B. About half of the urea that is filtered is excreted in the urine.
C. None of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine.

B. human chorionic gonadotropin.

Pregnancy tests often involve checking the urine for the presence of:
A. bilirubin from the fetus.
B. human chorionic gonadotropin.
C. sulfonamides.
D. epinephrine and prostaglandin.

A. nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla.

The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the:
A. nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla.
B. nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hairpin turn.
C. vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration gradient.
D. vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine.

B. tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop.

The word "countercurrent" within "countercurrent multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of:
A. sodium and potassium across the wall of the nephron.
B. tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop.
C. salts and water across the wall of the renal tubule.
D. tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule.

B. deep into the medulla

As blood flows through the vasa recta alongside the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the blood is flowing:
A. toward the cortex.
B. deep into the medulla.

C. It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

To measure GFR, an individual's urine is examined for the concentration of a test substance that they received by injection. How is that test substance treated by the kidney?
A. It is filtered, reabsorbed, and excreted, but it is not secreted.
B. It is neither filtered nor reabsorbed, but it is secreted.
C. It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
D. It is filtered and secreted, but not reabsorbed.
E. It is not filtered, but it is secreted and reabsorbed.

B. High concentration of the marker in the urine, high volume of urine, low concentration of the marker in the blood

To calculate GFR, the concentration of a marker molecule is measured in both the blood and the urine, and the total volume of urine produced is also measured. Which of the following sets of results indicates the highest GFR?
A. High concentration of the marker in the blood, high volume of urine, low concentration of the marker in the urine
B. High concentration of the marker in the urine, high volume of urine, low concentration of the marker in the blood
C. High concentration of the marker in the urine, low volume of urine, high concentration of the marker in the blood
D. High concentration of the marker in the blood, low volume of urine, high concentration of the marker in the blood

B. lower than

Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is \_________ the GFR.
A. higher than
B. lower than
C. the same as

C. insulin, creatinine

Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of . _____ but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of _______. A. creatine phosphate, insulin B. insulin, creatine phosphate C. inulin, creatinine D. creatinine, inulin

D. is the volume of plasma that can be entirely cleared of a substance in one minute.

Renal plasma clearance:
A. is lower than GFR for substances that are both filtered and secreted.
B. is the same as GFR for substances that are both filtered and secreted.
C. is the amount of water loss from the plasma to the urine over the course of one hour.
D. is the volume of plasma that can be entirely cleared of a substance in one minute.

C. ranges between 4.5 and 8.0

The normal pH for urine:
A. is anything below 7.0.
B. is anything above 7.0
C. ranges between 4.5 and 8.0.
D. ranges between 3.0 and 6.0.
E. ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein.

B. higher, increase

Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ________ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a __________ in the specific gravity of urine. A. higher, increase B. higher, decrease C. lower, decrease D. lower, increase

C. peristalsis of the ureters

Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by:
A. ciliary action in the renal pelvis.
B. suction from the urinary bladder.
C. peristalsis of the ureters.
D. hydrostatic pressure from the small intestine.
E. contraction of the detrusor muscle.

D. submucosa

Which layer is not found in the wall of the ureter?
A. Adventitia
B. Muscularis
C. Mucosa
D. Submucosa
E. No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the ureter

C. it allows distension

What is the value of transitional epithelium in the urinary system?
A. Its cilia help propel the urine.
B. It can contract to produce peristalsis.
C. It allows distension.
D. It protects against trauma.
E. It provides cushioning.

C. Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra

Where in the urinary tract is transitional epithelium found?
A. Urinary bladder
B. Urethra
C. Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra
D. Ureters
E. Ureters and urinary bladder

E. No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder.

Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?
A. Adventitia
B. Muscularis
C. Mucosa
D. Submucosa
E. No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder

B. the inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex.

Which is not correct regarding the urinary bladder?
A. There are two ureteral openings.
B. The inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex.
C. The mucosa has rugae for distension.
D. The peritoneum covers only the superior surface of the bladder.

A. detrusor

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the \_____ muscle.
A. detrusor
B. trigone
C. extrusor
D. extrinsic

C. relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.

Within the urinary system, the storage reflex involves:
A. contraction of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter.
B. contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
C. relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.
D. relaxation of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter.

E. All choices are correct.

Micturition:
A. is another name for urination.
B. is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder.
C. requires the opening of two sphincters.
D. requires contraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder.
E. All choices are correct.