Phonetics

Ladefoged & Johnson

List the articulators on the upper surface of the vocal tract

pharynx wall, uvula, soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge, teeth, lip

List the articulators on the lower surface of the vocal tract

epiglottis, tongue (root, back, center, front, blade, tip), lip

define ‘velic closure’

Velic closure is when the velum is raised to press against the back wall of the pharynx and to shut off the nasal tract to prevent air from going out the nose

what are ‘labial articulations’?

speech gestures using the lips

what are ‘coronal articulations’?

speech gestures using the tip or blade of the tongue

what are ‘dorsal articulations’?

speech gestures using the back of the tongue

what articulators are used in “bilabial” consonants?

both lips

what articulators are used in ‘labiodental’ consonants?

the lower lip and upper front teeth

what articulators are used in ‘dental’ consonants?

the tip or blade of the tongue and the upper front teeth

what articulators are used in ‘alveolar’ consonants?

the tip or blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge

what articulators are used in ‘retroflex’ consonants?

the tip of the tongue and the back of the alveolar ridge

what articulators are used in ‘post-alveolar’ consonants?

the blade of the tongue and the back of the alveolar ridge

what articulators are used in ‘palatal’ consonants?

the front of the tongue and the hard palate

what articulators are used in ‘velar’ consonants?

the back of the tongue and the soft palate

what happens in an ‘oral stop’?, and what is it shortened to?

There is an articulatory closure in the oral cavity. The velum is raised to obstruct air from entering the nasal tract. Pressure builds up in the mouth and an oral stop is formed. When the articulators come apart, the airstream is released as a small burst of sound. It is shortened to “stop” or “plosive”.

what happens in a ‘nasal stop’?, and what is it shortened to?

There is an articulatory closure in the oral cavity. The velum is lowered to allow air to flow out of the nose. A nasal stop is formed. It is shortened to “nasal”

what happens in a ‘fricative’ consonant?

Close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced

what happens in an ‘approximant’ consonant?

A gesture in which one articulator is close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.

what happens in a ‘lateral approximant’ consonant?

Obstruction of the airstream at a point along the centre of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth

what is the ‘dorsum’

the upper surface of the tongue

what is the ‘apex’ of the tongue

the tip of the tongue

What manner of articulation is involved in an Affricate

They involve two manners of articulation: a stop, followed by a fricative

Describe a ‘consonant’

Vocal tract constrictions that modify the airstream from the lungs and the larynx