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Characteristics of vascular plants
true roots, stems and leaves
possess cuticle, stomata, lignin
Sporophyte dominant
Gametophyte small and independent
requires water for production
Apical Meristems
mitotically active zone of cells
grows at tips of roots

Microphyll
small simple vascular system with unbranched vein in leaf

Megaphyll
large leaves with pattern of branching veins

Club Mosses
earliest group of seedless vascular plants
stem and microphylls
sporophyte dominant
strobili with sporangia

Horsetails
thin leaves, little photosynthesis
strobili contain sporangia

Whisk Ferns
knob shaped sporangia
lack roots, underground rhizomes
photosynthesis occurs in stems
lack leaves

True Ferns
most advanced
true roots, stems leaves
mature leaves have sori with sporangia
flagellated sperm

Life Cycle of fern

Life stages
sporophyte is dominant
gametophyte independent, short lived
Practice of lifecycle
