hybrid orbitals

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26/7/25

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1
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what is a hybrid orbitals

two or more orbitals merge together to form a hybrid orbital

2
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sp3 orbital

  • ex. carbon

  • special stability occurs: one s orbital electron gets promoted to empty p orbital

  • 2s and 2p orbital hybridize to form intermediate sp3 orbital

  • Carbon can make 4 bonds

  • sp3: 1 s orbital + 3 p orbitals = 4 orbitals to form bonds with

<ul><li><p>ex. carbon</p></li><li><p>special stability occurs: one s orbital electron gets promoted to empty p orbital </p></li><li><p>2s and 2p orbital hybridize to form intermediate sp<sup>3</sup> orbital </p></li><li><p>Carbon can make 4 bonds </p></li><li><p>sp<sup>3</sup>: 1 s orbital + 3 p orbitals = 4 orbitals to form bonds with</p></li></ul><p></p>
3
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sp2 orbital

  • ex. Boron

  • one s orbital electron gets promoted to 2p orbital, three are now filled

  • two 2p orbital + 2s orbital merges to form sp2

  • sp2: 1 s + 2 p = 3 orbitals to form bonds with

  • one p orbital is left empty

<ul><li><p>ex. Boron</p></li><li><p>one s orbital electron gets promoted to 2p orbital, three are now filled</p></li><li><p>two 2p orbital + 2s orbital merges to form sp<sup>2</sup></p></li><li><p>sp<sup>2</sup>: 1 s + 2 p = 3 orbitals to form bonds with </p></li><li><p>one p orbital is left empty</p></li></ul><p></p>
4
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sp orbital

  • ex. Beryllium

  • one s orbital electron gets promoted to empty 2p orbitals

  • 2s and one 2p orbital hybridize to form sp

  • two p orbitals left empty

<ul><li><p>ex. Beryllium</p></li><li><p>one s orbital electron gets promoted to empty 2p orbitals </p></li><li><p>2s and one 2p orbital hybridize to form sp</p></li><li><p>two p orbitals left empty</p></li></ul><p></p>
5
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double bond

  • ex. carbon

  • in C2H4 carbon has 3 sp2 orbitals

<ul><li><p>ex. carbon</p></li><li><p>in C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> carbon has 3 sp<sup>2</sup> orbitals </p></li></ul><p></p>
6
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triple bond

  • ex. carbon

  • in C2H2 has 2 sp orbitals

<ul><li><p>ex. carbon</p></li><li><p>in C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> has 2 sp orbitals</p></li></ul><p></p>

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