7 (5)- scientific processes (reliability, validity, features of science and scientific reports)

Reliability

Consistency of results across time or observers.

Test-retest reliability

Consistency of measures over time.

Inter-observer reliability

Agreement between observers.

Improving reliability

Achieved through standardisation and clear operationalisation.

Validity

Whether research measures what it intends to measure.

Face validity

Whether a test appears valid.

Concurrent validity

Comparing with an established measure.

Ecological validity

Real-world applicability of findings.

Temporal validity

Relevance over time.

Improving validity

Using controls, realism, and triangulation.

Objectivity

Freedom from bias.

Empirical method

Knowledge gained through observation.

Replicability

Ability to repeat research.

Falsifiability

The ability for a theory to be disproven.

Paradigm

Shared assumptions guiding research.

Paradigm shift

A major change in scientific thinking.

Scientific report

Formal write-up enabling replication.

Abstract

Summary of the study.

Introduction

Background and hypotheses.

Method

Detailed procedure.

Results

Statistical findings.

Discussion

Interpretation and evaluation.

Referencing

Acknowledging sources to avoid plagiarism.