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The effect of concentration on rate of reaction [3]:
- as concentration increases, there are more particles in the same volume
- particles collide more frequently
- the rate of reaction increases
The effect of (gas) pressure on rate of reaction [3]:
- as pressure increases, there are more particles in a given space
- particles collide more frequently
- the rate of reaction increases
Marble chemical formula
CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate)
CaCO₃ + HCl →
CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O
Catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is unchanged itself
The effect of catalysts on rate of reaction [3]:
- catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway requiring less activation energy
- more particles have the required activation energy
- there are more successful collisions
- the rate of reaction increases
Advantages of catalysts [4]:
- less energy required
- lower temperatures and pressures
- conserves fossil fuels
- less expensive
A catalyst cannot be used indefinitely because...
it becomes 'poisoned' by reaction with impurities
Reversible reaction
a chemical reaction in which the products reform the original reactants
Reversible reaction symbol
⇌
Difference between reactions in a reversible reaction
one is endothermic while the other is exothermic
How to change the direction of a reversible reaction
change conditions so equilibrium shifts
Litmus alternative name
HLit
Litmus reversible reaction
HLit ⇌ H⁺ + Lit⁻
Litmus in acids
HLit (red)
Litmus in alkalis
H⁺ + Lit⁻ (blue)
Examples of reversible reactions [3];
- litmus paper
- salts and water of crystallisation
- ammonium chloride
Salts and water of crystallisation reversible reaction:
hydrated salt ⇌ anhydrous salt + water
Ammonium chloride reversible reaction:
NH₄Cl ⇌ NH₃ + HCl
Ammonium chloride forward reaction [2]
- thermal decomposition
- products become gases
Ammonium chloride backward reaction [2]
- gases cool and react
- form solid
Note 
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