Human Growth and Developement

HAHP 2000: Test #1

Life Span Development

The pattern of movement or change that beings at conception and continues throuhgout the life span

Characteristicss in LifeSpan Development

Development is:

Lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, involves growth maintanence, co-construction of biology, culture and the individual and contextual

Normative age-graded influence

Similar for people in a similar age group

Normative history graded influences

Common to people of a particular generation

Non- Normative Life events

Unanticipated events

Lifespan expectancy

The average age a child born in a given year can expect to live to

Median Age for male

40.1

Median age for women

42.2

Biological processes change

Physical Nature

Cognitive process refer to changes in

thought, intelligence and language

Socio-emtional processes involve changes in

relationships, emotions and personality

Different ways to describe age

Chronological, biological, mental, psychological, social

Brad Meisner Research interest/focus

Age related stereotypes, Perceptions, attitudes and discrimination

Nature

Development primarily influenced by biological inheritance

Nuture

Enviornmental influences and experiences

Continuity

Development involve Gradual Cumulative changes

Discontinuity

Development involve distinct stages

Stability and Change

Become older renditions of our early experiences or do we develop into someone different from who we are at an earlier point in development

Methods of collecting data

observation, survery & interview, standardized test, case study, physiology measures

Research Designs

Quantitative Designs and Qualitative Designs

Quantitative Designs

Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental

Descriptive Research

Observe and record behavior

Correlational Research

Looks at strength of relationshop between two or more events and characteritics

Experimental Designs

Independent and Dependent variables; manipulate one or more variables and obserbe effects on behavior; hold other variables constant

Cross-sectional approach

individuals of different age are compared at one time

Longitudinal approach

same individuals are studied over a period of time

Sequential approach

Combined cross sectional and logitudinal design

Sigmund Freud Theory

Development primarily unconscious, development heavily influenced by emotions and early experiences with parents shape development

Erikson Psychosocial THeory

Primary motivation for behavior is social and developmental change occurs throughout the lifespan

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget Cognitive Development)

Infact constructs understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions (Birth to 2yo)

Preoperational Stage (Piaget Cognitive Development)

Child begins to represent the world with words and images, these words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connect of sensory information and physical action. (2yo to 7yo)

Concrete Operational Stage

The child can now reasonably logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets (7yo to 11yo)

Fromal Operational Stage

Adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealitic, and logical ways. (11yo to adulthood)

Vugotskys Sociocultural Cognitive THeory

Lev theory says social interaction and culture guide cognitive development. Knowledge is situated and collaborative.

Information Processing Theory

Human mind is an infromation processor and development is a continuous increase in capactiy for processign and storing information

Pavlov Classical Conditional Theory

Neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a behavioral response originally produced by another stimulus

Skinner’s Opernt Conditioning Theory

Consequences of behavior change likelihood of behavior future occrurence.

• Rewards increase likelihood of reacrrence

• Punishments decrease the chance

Bandura Social Cognitive Theory

Behavior, enviornment and cognition are key factor in development and they all influence each other

Ethology

Focuses on respones to enviornment, physiological makeup, communication, and evolutionary aspects.

Ethological Theory

Charles Darwin: Evolution and natural selection

Konrad Lorenz: Imprinting (connecting with the first thing seen as parent

John Bowlby: attachment

Humanist Approach

People strive to become the best they can be. Valus, intentions and meaning are important for understanding human behavior.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological THeory of Development

Emphasizes the effect of enviornmental and biological factors on development

Contemporary approaches to psychology

1. Dynamic Systems

2. Evolutionary Psychology

3. Neuroscience and Neuroplasticity

4. Positive Psychology

Eclectic Approach

Take most compelling and workable concepts from each theoretical approach

Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior

Survivors are better adapted than non-survivors and survivorss pass on their genes

Evolutionary Psychology

the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology

Thrify Genotype

Certain populations may have genes that determine increased fat storage

Mitosis

Cellular material is duplicated and new cells formed

Meiosis

Sex cells divide and produce 4 new cells with 23 single chromosomes

Fertilization

female gamete and male gamete fuse to create a single cell, a zygote

Fraternal/dizygotic twins

Sepertate eggs and sperm

Indentical/monozygoic twins

single zygote splits into 2 gentically identical replicas

Dominant Recessive Gene Principle

One gene of a pair is dominant and one gene is recessive the dominant gene exerts its affects overriding the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if 2 genes are both recessive

X linked inheritance

Mutated Gene is carried on X chromosome

Down syndrome

extra chromosome cause mild to severe intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalties

Fragile X syndrome

abnormal X chromosome cause intellectual disabilites

Tuner syndrome

Missing X chromosome in females

XXY syndrome

An extra Y chromosome

Amniocentesis

amniotic fluid tested

ultrasound sonography

high frequency sound waves produces image of fetus

Chrorionic Villi Sampling

small sample of placenta tested

Maternal serum screening

blood test

Fetal MRI

detailed image of fetus organs

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)

analysis of fetal cells in mother blood

Infertility

inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse

Stem Cells

Biological cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types and can renew to produce more stem cells. It can be take from bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood in the umbilival cord

Behavior genetics

looks at influence of heredity and enviornment on differences in human traits and assumes behaviors jointly determined by interaction of heredity and enviornment. Behavior genetics often uses twins or adoption situations to study the influence of heredity on behavior.

Germanial Period

The first 2 weeks after conception. The zygote is created, cell division increases and implantation occurs

Blastocyst

Inner layer of cells that develops during germinal period and becomes the embryo

Trophoblast

outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period and provides nutrition and support for embryo

Embryonic Period

2-8 weeks and the rate of cell differentitation intensifies, support systems form and organs appear

Placenta

disk shpaed group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine

Umbilical Cord

Contains 2 arteries and one vein that connect the baby to the placenta

Amnion

A bag/envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

Organogenesis

Organ formation that occurs during the first two months of prenatal development

Fetal Period

from 8 weeks to birth where growth and development continue and organ systems mature

Brain development during the 1st 2 trimesters

Basic architecture of brain assembled

Brain development in 3rd trimeester

Connectivity and functioning of neurons

Teratogen

any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively affect cognitive and behavioral outcomes

Psychoactive Drugs

Affect nervous system

Psychoactive Drugs

Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamohetamine, marijuana, heroin

Other Teratogen

incompatible blood type (RH factor), enviornmental hazards and maternal diseases

Maternal factors

maternal age, diet, nutrition and exercise, maternal obesity and emotional states

Paternal factors

exposure to lead, radiation, pesticides, smoking, and age

Recommended range of total weight gain for <18.5 BMI

12.5 to 18kg

Recommended range of total weight gain for 18.5 to 24.9

11.5 to 16kg

Recommended range of total weight gain for 25.0 to 29.9 BMI

7.0 to 11.5kg

Recommended range of total weight gain for >30 BMI

5.0 to 9.0kg

Preterm and Low Birth weight infants

Low birth weight is <2.5kg and preterm infants are born 3 weeks before term

Long Term Outcomes for Low Birth weight infants

Brain damage, delay in language, low IQ scores and behavioral problems

Kangaroo Care

Sking to skin contact, it helps increase weight and improves breast feeding and less pain before procedures

Massage therapy

Improves weight gain and lowers stress

Describe what endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals are and how they lead to weight gain. Give some examples of known endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Endocrine-disrupting environment chemicals are natural or human-made chemicals that mimic, block, or interfere with the body’s receptors to make them think they are natural hormones. They disrupt the system of glands that release hormones into our bloodstream. Examples of these chemicals include DES, Tributyltin, and Bisphenol A (BPA).