AP HUG UNIT 4: Political Geography

the ability to decide and control internal affairs without outside interference

Sovereignty

a nation that has established sovereignty in an internationally-recognized defined space (Ex: Japan, Iceland, and Portugal because they are countries with a mostly homogenous population. Nigeria is NOT an example of a nation state)

Nation-state

a political state with multiple nations or ethnic groups with their own distinct cultures (Ex: Nigeria because it has 250 ethnic groups, U.K because it has 4 distinct nations, and Canada because of its English and French speaking populations)

Multinational state

a designated area within a country that has a degree of self governance (Ex: Tibet, Catalonia, and Sicily. Note: STATES CANNOT BE AUTONOMOUS REGIONS!)

Autonomous region

a nation that has not established sovereignty in an internationally recognized defined space (Ex: Roma, Palestine, and Kurdistan because they have a nation but don’t meet the qualities of political states)

Stateless nation

a nation that is located in more than one separate political states (Ex: Kurdistan, Basque County, and Roma people since their nations inhabit multiple states)

Multistate nation

the principle that nations have the right to freely determine their political states and pursue their own development

Self determination

the principle that nations have the right to freely determine their political states and pursue their own development

Decolonization

a country that was formally independent but under heavy influence or control of another country

Satellite state

the process of a central government transferring power and authority to a lower level of government

Devolution

the behaviour of groups claiming and defending a specific geographic area to establish control, identity, and resources

Territoriality

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction (Ex: Panama Canal, Strait of Hormuz, and Strait of Malacca because they’re places of movement and interaction.)

Choke point

Neocolonialism

a political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged (Ex: the Canadian American border because it runs along the 49th parallel of latitude, which existed before the border was established in the 19th century)

Antecedent boundary

a political boundary established after a region has been settled (Ex: border between Northern Ireland and Ireland because it was drawn after settlers came to separate the Catholic south from the Protestant north)

Subsequent boundary

a political boundary that has been imposed on a region by an external authority often without regard for existing cultural and ethnic divisions (Ex: most of Africa and other colonized places)

Superimposed boundary

a type of political boundary that no longer functions as an official border but still holds historic significance (Ex: Berlin Wall in Germany, the Great Wall of China, and the Maxon-Dixon line in the U.S because even though they don’t function as borders anymore, they still have effects on the population)

relic(t) boundary

a political boundary defined and demarcated by straight lines or geometric shapes, often disregarding natural/cultural features of the landscape (Ex: Egypt and Sudan border because it follows the 22nd parallel north, U.S Canadian border, Algeria and Mali border, and Namibian border)

Geometric boundary

a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account cultural and physical landscapes (Ex: India and Pakistan border because it was created as a result of the partition of India to separate the majority Muslim population from the majority Hindu population)

Consequent boundary

a region that is politically fragmented and is caught in the middle of competing interests between larger, more powerful states

Shatterbelt

a political principle focused on the unification of groups who share ethnic or historical ties but are governed by different political entities (Ex: Russian-Ukrainian war because Russia claims Ukrainian lands are historical Russian. Balkan wars)

Irredentism

The international agreement that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities

UNCLOS

An area of the ocean extending up to 200 nautical miles from a country's coastline where the country can explore, extract minerals, and manage fish and energy

EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

Gerrymandering–Packing

Gerrymandering–Cracking

Gerrymandering–Hijacking

Gerrymandering–Kidnapping

Federal state

Unitary State

Supranationalism

Which of the following is NOT a necessary criterion for a state?

Common culture and identity

Which term best describes Slovakia?

Multinational state

Which of the following best explains why the Romani ethnic group is identified on the chart but does not appear on the map?

The scale of analysis of the data reflects that the Romani are a large minority group but are not a majority in any religion

Countries highlighted in the darker shade in the map above represent which of the following organizations

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Based on the information in the chart, Myanmar is a

Multinational state

Based on the information in the chart, the lands of the Kachin can be considered

A stateless nation

Which of the following would describe a positive development for a state that became independent through decolonization?

Establishing territoriality by claiming sovereignty over its lands

Which boundary concept is most clearly shown in the image above

Demarcated boundary

When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it said it wanted to reunite the German minority living in Poland with Germany, this is an example of what?

Irredentism

The 49th parallel between the United States and Canada is

Antecedent boundary

Which gerrymandering strategies do Districts 1 and 2 best show

Packing

Uruguay's national government set policies that are administered by local governments. This system is best know as

Unitary government

Argentina has both a national legislature and 23 provincial legislatures, which exercise power separately from the national legislature. What best describes the country's government

Federal

Notice how the crosses in the flags of Scotland, England, and Ireland are combined in the flag of the United Kingdom. Which process does this represent?

The creation of a single state out of separate nations

the process of increasing interdependence and integration among the economies, markets, societies, and cultures of different countries worldwide.

globalization

Which of the following terms best applies to what a country experiences when its unity is threatened by inequality or economic problems?

Centrifugal forces

Which provides the strongest support for the conclusion that Japan has few centrifugal forces?

Japan has a high degree of ethnic and linguistic homogeneity

Which groups have been gaining more local power around the world as a result of devolution?

Indigenous people

Which supranational organization focuses on the production of oil

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Which of the following best describes the effect of globalization related to state sovereignty?

States have given up some sovereignty in order to join supranationalistic organizations.ore isolated states

Local and regional autonomous governments and a separatist militia group have been established within the Basque region shown on the map. How do these local and regional governments compare with the national governments of Spain and France?

Local and regional governments create the potential for conflict and act as a centrifugal force within the larger independent states.

Some communities along the internal border between Flanders and Wallonia are required by Belgian federal law to have bilingual local governments, with road signs and government publications in Flemish and French. Some nearby communities refuse to permit a census of language users because they are concerned that the results will trigger federal requirements for a bilingual local government.

Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the efforts to preserve a single official language in such communities?

Territoriality, because communities are expressing power and political control over the landscape.

FALKLAND ISLANDS

United Kingdom

Name: Falkland Islands

Distance to the United Kingdom: 6,250 nautical miles

Dates of Control: 1765–1767, 1771–1774, 1833–1982, 1982 to present

Argentina

Name: Islas Malvinas

Distance to Argentina: 182 nautical miles

Dates of Control: 1770–1881 (as Spanish Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata), 1829–1831 (Argentina, onward), 1832–1833, three months in 1982

Source: Britannica.com

The Falkland Islands War took place in 1982 between Argentina and Great Britain, when Argentina’s military invaded the small British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. British forces reclaimed the islands after a short war.

Using the information shown, which of the following geographic principles explains the conflict in the Falkland Islands?

Overlapping claims of sovereignty

The map shows the Taiwan Strait. Which of the following best explains the global geopolitical significance of the Taiwan Strait?

The Taiwan Strait serves as a major international shipping route that serves large economies, such as South Korea, Japan, and the United States.

Which of the following statements is helpful in explaining why Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are able to assert some control over the export of oil from the Persian Gulf oil-production region?

Their location along the choke point of the Strait of Hormuz allows them to influence ship movement into and out of the Persian Gulf.

Which of the following best explains the primary function of international political boundaries?

Boundaries limit sovereignty and determine the extent of a state's power within the global political system.

The photograph shows guards at the Truce Village of Panmunjom within the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that divides the Korea Peninsula into North Korea and South Korea. The DMZ border was agreed upon as part of Korean Armistice Agreement at the end of the Korean War in 1953. Which of the following best explains the effect of the DMZ on the Korean Peninsula as a culture region?

The Korean people are divided into a multistate nation that has a common heritage and ethnicity.

Residents of Maryland’s Third District could legally challenge the redistricting of the area shown on the map because they identify it as being

a gerrymandered boundary that guarantees a political party’s seat within the United States House of Representatives

Which of the following statements accurately compares the processes of devolution and supranationalism that challenge the sovereignty of Canada?

Centrifugal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico challenges the Canadian government’s independence on a national level.

Which of the following technological examples is best used to compare the effects of local-scale and global-scale political challenges to state sovereignty?

Cell phone use weakening corrupt governments