The nature and variety of living organisms

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16 Terms

1

Characteristics of living organisms

They require nutrition, respire, excrete waste, respond to surroundings, move, control internal conditions, reproduce, and grow and develop. (MRS GREN)

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2

Eukaryotic organisms

Organisms that have contain a nucleus and ot including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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3

Common features shown by Plants

  • multicellular organisms

  • cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis

  • cellulose cell walls

  • They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose. Examples include flowering plants like maize (a cereal) and herbaceous legumes like peas or beans.

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4

Examples of plants

Examples include flowering plants like maize (a cereal) and herbaceous legumes like peas or beans.

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5

Animals

  • multicellular organisms

  • no chloroplasts, cannot photosynthesize

  • no cell walls, enabling movement, which is typically coordinated by a nervous system.

  • often store carbohydrates as glycogen

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6

Examples of animals

Examples include mammals like humans and insects like houseflies or mosquitoes.

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7

Fungi

  • organisms that can be multicellular or unicellular.

  • their cells have walls made of chitin

  • no chloroplasts

  • multicellular fungi consist of a mycelium made of hyphae, which are thread-like structures with multiple nuclei.

  • they feed by saprotrophic nutrition by secreting enzymes onto food and absorbing nutrients.

  • stores carbohydrates as glycogen.

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8

Examples of Fungi

Examples include Mucor with hyphal structures (multicelllular) or yeast (unicellular)

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9

Protists

  • mostly microscopic, single-celled organisms

  • most algae are unicellular, but some, like seaweed, are multicellular

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10

Example of Protsists

Examples include some, like Amoeba, resemble animal cells, while others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are plant-like. Some protists, such as Plasmodium, are pathogenic and cause diseases like malaria.

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11

Pathogen

Disease causing microorganisms; include fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses.

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12

Viruses

  • non-living particles smaller than bacteria.

  • they are parasitic and reproduce only inside living cells, infecting all types of living organisms.

  • viruses lack a cellular structure, consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.

  • they have a variety of shapes and sizes.

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13

Examples of Viruses

Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus (causes leaf discoloration by preventing chloroplast formation in tobacco plants), the influenza virus (causes flu), and HIV (causes AIDS).

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14

Prokaryotes

  • microscopic, single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, with DNA in a circular chromosome and sometimes plasmids.

  • they have cell walls made of peptidoglycan and may have a protective slime layer.

  • some bacteria photosynthesize, but most feed on living or dead organisms.

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15

Examples of prokaryotes

Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus (used in yogurt production) and Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia).

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16

Examples of pathogens

Common pathogens include Plasmodium (causes malaria), Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia), HIV (causes AIDS), and the influenza virus (causes flu).

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