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Characteristics of living organisms
They require nutrition, respire, excrete waste, respond to surroundings, move, control internal conditions, reproduce, and grow and develop. (MRS GREN)
Eukaryotic organisms
Organisms that have contain a nucleus and ot including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Common features shown by Plants
multicellular organisms
cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
cellulose cell walls
They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose. Examples include flowering plants like maize (a cereal) and herbaceous legumes like peas or beans.
Examples of plants
Examples include flowering plants like maize (a cereal) and herbaceous legumes like peas or beans.
Animals
multicellular organisms
no chloroplasts, cannot photosynthesize
no cell walls, enabling movement, which is typically coordinated by a nervous system.
often store carbohydrates as glycogen
Examples of animals
Examples include mammals like humans and insects like houseflies or mosquitoes.
Fungi
organisms that can be multicellular or unicellular.
their cells have walls made of chitin
no chloroplasts
multicellular fungi consist of a mycelium made of hyphae, which are thread-like structures with multiple nuclei.
they feed by saprotrophic nutrition by secreting enzymes onto food and absorbing nutrients.
stores carbohydrates as glycogen.
Examples of Fungi
Examples include Mucor with hyphal structures (multicelllular) or yeast (unicellular)
Protists
mostly microscopic, single-celled organisms
most algae are unicellular, but some, like seaweed, are multicellular
Example of Protsists
Examples include some, like Amoeba, resemble animal cells, while others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are plant-like. Some protists, such as Plasmodium, are pathogenic and cause diseases like malaria.
Pathogen
Disease causing microorganisms; include fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses.
Viruses
non-living particles smaller than bacteria.
they are parasitic and reproduce only inside living cells, infecting all types of living organisms.
viruses lack a cellular structure, consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.
they have a variety of shapes and sizes.
Examples of Viruses
Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus (causes leaf discoloration by preventing chloroplast formation in tobacco plants), the influenza virus (causes flu), and HIV (causes AIDS).
Prokaryotes
microscopic, single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, with DNA in a circular chromosome and sometimes plasmids.
they have cell walls made of peptidoglycan and may have a protective slime layer.
some bacteria photosynthesize, but most feed on living or dead organisms.
Examples of prokaryotes
Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus (used in yogurt production) and Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia).
Examples of pathogens
Common pathogens include Plasmodium (causes malaria), Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia), HIV (causes AIDS), and the influenza virus (causes flu).