Exam 1 A&P

Superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Anatomical Position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know

Directional Terms

allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

Sagittal

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Median Plane (midsagittal plane)

sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

Parasagittal Planes

all other sagittal planes offset from the midline

Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane)

like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back)

Oblique Sections

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

Dorsal Body Cavity

protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions

Cranial Cavity

in the skull, encases the brain

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera

Thoracic Cavity

surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Pleural Cavities

lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum

Pericardial Cavity

encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serosa (Serous Membrane)

the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane

Parietal Serosa

lines internal body walls

Visceral Serosa

covers the internal organs

Abdominopelvic Regions

Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

What is anatomy?

the study of structure

What is physiology?

the study of function at many levels

What are the 3 different subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy?

regional, systemic, and surface anatomy

What is surface anatomy?

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

What are 2 subdivisions of study for microscopic anatomy?

cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level

What does the digestive system do?

takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

oxidation reduction

reactions convert energy into chemical bonds of nutrients into ATP

What does the respiratory system do?

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

What does the urinary system do?

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

What does the cardiovascular system do?

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs

What does the integumentary system do?

protects the body as a whole from the external environment

all \____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

cells

What is the main part of the muscular system?

skeletal muscles

What are the main parts of the nervous system?

the brain, nerves and spinal cord

What are the main parts of the endocrine system?

pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis

What are the main parts of the cardiovascular system?

blood vessels and heart

main parts of lymphatic system/ immunity

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

main parts of respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus

main parts of digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus

main parts of urinary system

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

What are some functions of the lymphatic system?

it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity;

What are the necessary life functions?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth

What is metabolism?

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body

What is homeostasis?

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

What are control mechanisms for homeostasis?

receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action and then to the effector which provides the means for the control centers output

Negative feedback within homeostasis and example

the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood volume by ADH (endocrine mechanism)

Positive feedback within homeostasis and example

effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus, found within negative feedback loops

Given all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

metabolism

What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH

Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood.

What is positive feedback examples

the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause?

disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)

the head is \_______ to the abdomen

superior

the navel is \______ to the chin

inferior

the breastbone is \_____ to the spine

anterior (ventral)

the heart is \_____ to the breastbone

posterior (dorsal)

the heart is \_____ to the arm

medial

the arms are \_____ to the chest

lateral

the collarbone is \_________ between the breastbone and shoulder

intermediate

the elbow is \_______ to the wrist

proximal

the knee is \___ to the thigh

distal

the skin is \________ to the skeletal muscles

superficial

the lungs are \_____ to the skin

deep

Why is the formation of platelet plug called positive feedback? What event ends it?

This is a pos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel.

The two fundamental divisions of our body

Axial part - head, neck and trunk. Appendicular part- appendages or limbs

Regional terms are used to ......

designate specific areas within major body divisions

Sagittal plane

vertical plane- divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal plane

median for the sagittal plane

Parasagittal plane

offset from the midline or midsagittal plane

Frontal plane

vertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts

transverse or horizontal plane

horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts

What cavity is the brain in?

cranial cavity

what cavity contains the spinal cord

vertebral cavity

what cavity contains the heart and lungs

thoracic cavity

what is between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

what cavity contains the digestive viscera

Abdominal cavity

what cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

pelvic cavity

what are the three parts of the thoracic cavity

superior mediastinum, pluerla cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

what does the dorsal body cavity contain

cranial and vertebral cavity

what does the ventral body cavity contain

thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the lungs

pleural cavities

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart and esophagus and trachea

pericardial cavity

the walls of the \____ body cavity are covered by a thin, double layered membrane

ventral

the double layered membrane covering the the outer surfaces of the organs is the ...

serosa or serous membrane

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the ....

parietal serosa

When the parietal serosa folds in on itself it forms the ....

visceral serosa

in the body the serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called,,,

serous fluid