Protozoans III - Hemoprotozoans

Piroplasmida (taxonomic group) are ____cellular protozoans of _____

intracellular

Blood

consider buying the creator a cup of coffee (;

What type of life cycle do piroplasmids have?

indirect

How are protozoans of the group piroplasmida transmitted?

Hard ticks - Ixodidae

Where does sexual reproduction of piroplasmids occur?

Within the tick, which is considered the DH

Where does asexual reproduction of piroplasmids occur?

In the mammal, considered the IH

Piroplasms size is relative to...

RBC

What is the large babesia of cattle?

Babesia bigemina

What is the small babesia of cattle?

Babesia bovis

What is the large babesia of horses?

Babesia caballi

What is the small piroplasm of horses?

Theileria equi

What is the large babesia of dogs?

Babesia canis

What is the small babesia of dogs?

Babesia gibsoni

What is the small piroplasm of cats?

Cytauxzoon felis

Babesia infect _____ of the vertebrate host

RBCs

How do babesia move from one RBC to another?

Replication till they destroy the RBC and move to more

What is texas cattle fever?

Babesia bigemina

What tick transmits babesia in cattle?

Fever tick - one host tick

Rhipicephalus annulatus/microplus

What is the tick life cycle of babesia bigemina?

Parasite is located in the salivary gland of the tick —> sexual repro —> passed onto cattle during feeding —> later ingests infected RBC from cow and parasites invade tick tissue (incl ovary)

What is the cattle life cycle of babesia bigemina?

Cow is bit by tick —> babesia invades RBC —> asexual repro —> lysis of RBC —> spread to other RBC

What is the general term for the stage of babesia in the RBCs?

Piroplasm

What is transovarial transmission?

Tick larvae born infected, and transmit to host through feeding.

Effective for one host ticks

What is transstadial transmission?

Tick larva/nymph feed on infected host, fall and molt, and then transmit to another host.

Good for 3 host ticks

What are the clinical signs of babesia and other piroplasms?

Hemolytic Anemia

Fever

Anorexia/icterus/hemoglobinuria

How do you dx babesia and other piroplasms?

History and CS

Tests:

Microscopy

Serology

Molec. tests

When to collect samples for identifying babesia/other piroplasms?

During fever peaks

What is being done for babesia prevention and control

Vector control/eradication

Vaccine

Surveillance of border areas

How is babesia caballi transmitted?

Dermacentor nitens

How is Theileria equi transmitted?

Amblyomma cajennense

Theileria equi has a cycle similar to babesia but what is different?

It goes through a stage in lymphocytes before going to RBCs

Which piroplasmosis are reportable?

Bovine and equine

State level: TAHC

Federal: USDA

How is canine babesiosis transmitted?

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) or through blood transfusion/vertical/blood transfer through fighting

Cytauxzoon felis natural host is...

Bobcat

Cats infected with cytauxzoon felis is ...

often fatal

What is the primary vector of cytauxzoon felis?

Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick)

What is the life cycle of cytauxzoon felis?

Asexual repro in tissue/erythrocytes

What are the CS of cytauxzoon felis?

Fever, lethargy, anorexia, dehydration, icterus, dyspnea

Hepatozoon americanum is an ____cellular protozoan of dogs

intra

Dogs are the _______ hosts of Hepatozoon americanum

intermediate

How is a dog infected by heptazoon americanum?

Through ingestion of the tick

Unique! to other previously discussed blood protozoans (which are usually bite)

What is the pathogenesis of hepatozoon americanum?

Infects leukocytes

Undergoes circulation to muscles, causes onion skin cysts in muscles/bone —> causes pain (chronic wasting disease)

What is the DH of hepatozoon americanum?

Amblyomma maculatum (gulf coast tick)

Contained in the hemocoel of the tick

How to DX hepatozoon americanum?

Blood smear

Molec/immuno dx tests

Biopsy

How to prevent most/all of these diseases (blood borne tick diseases) in CA?

Tick control!

Collars/preventions/sprays/check for ticks

What are the invertebrate host of kinetoplasmida (genus)?

Insect

What are the vertebrate host of kinetoplasmida (genus)?

Mammal

What is the life cycle of kinetoplasmida (genus)?

Indirect, Transmitted by insects, and ONLY asexual repro

What are the two types of kinetoplasmids we need to know?

Trypanosoma spp

Leishmania spp

Trypanosoma cruzi is the agent of what disease?

Chagas disease

What is trypanosoma cruzi tx by?

Kissing bugs

What is the genus of trypanosoma cruzi?

Triatoma

What are the two main forms of T.cruzi?

Trypomastigote - extracellular

Amastigote - intracellular

What is the pathogenesis of T.cruzi?

Kissing bug has a blood meal, poops, and then we scratch and infect the poop into the bite wound

How else can t.cruzi be transmitted?

Transplacentally, blood transfusion, organ transplant, ingestion of contaminated food (humans)

What are the CS of T.cruzi in dogs?

Acute myocarditis

Chronic dilatative cardiomyopathy

Conduction dist.

Endemic in TX

How to DX T.cruzi

Blood smears

IFA in serum

PCR

CS

T.cruzi control/prevention

Vector control

No drug approved yet

What are the hosts of Leishmania mexicana?

Humans and cats

What are the symptoms of leishmania mexicana infections in cats?

Lesions that do not heal on the ears, muzzle, or around the eyes.

How is Leishmania DX?

Detected of amastigotes in macrophages using aspirate/cytology/biopsy

Can also do confirmation with PCR

What is the vector of Leishmania?

Sand flies