States and Identity in Political Science

State Legitimacy

Source of authority recognized by citizens.

Primordialist

Identity theory emphasizing inherent, historical ties.

Constructionist

Identity theory focusing on social constructs.

Jus sanguinis

Citizenship by descent from parents.

Jus soli

Citizenship by place of birth.

Assimilation

Absorption of minority groups into majority culture.

Multicultural Integration

Coexistence of diverse cultures within society.

Centripetal Approach

Promotes national unity and stability.

Consociationalism

Power-sharing among different social groups.

Individual Rights

Rights held by individual citizens.

Group Rights

Rights held by specific social groups.

Reinforcement

Media effect that strengthens existing beliefs.

Agenda Setting

Media influences public focus on issues.

Framing

Presentation of information to shape perception.

Episodic Framing

Focuses on individual stories and accountability.

Thematic Framing

Contextualizes issues within broader trends.

Priming

Media influences standards for evaluating candidates.

Economic Development

Focus on economic growth and modernization.

Human Development

Focus on improving human well-being and capabilities.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

Policy promoting local production over imports.

State-Owned Enterprise (SOE)

Government-owned corporation for public goods.

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP)

Loans for countries in economic crisis.

Privatization

Transfer of state-owned enterprises to private ownership.

Pink Tide

Left-wing political shift in Latin America.

Export-Oriented Growth (EOG)

Economic strategy focusing on exports for growth.

Bottom Billion

Countries facing severe development challenges.

Sovereignty

State's authority recognized by other states.

External Sovereignty

Recognition and defense of territorial integrity.

Internal Sovereignty

Authority to enforce laws within territory.

Legitimacy Types

Traditional, Charismatic, Rational-Legal/Bureaucratic.

Bureaucracy

System of appointed officials implementing laws.

Social Contract Theory

Individuals surrender rights for state protection.

Communism

Common ownership and no exploitation.

Fascism

State supremacy over individual rights.

Modernizing Authoritarianism

Benevolent leadership guiding societal development.

Electoral Authoritarianism

Regimes using elections to legitimize rule.

Karl Marx

Philosopher advocating for class equality.

John Locke

Philosopher emphasizing individual rights and freedoms.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher advocating for social equality.

Social Darwinism

Ideology justifying state supremacy and inequality.

Micro Media Effect

Direct impact on election outcomes.

Macro Media Effect

Broader influence on political competition.