Psychology 2e - Chapter 3 quiz

these are questions that will help you answer correctly on the video and written quiz for chapter 3.

Theory of evolution (natural selection)

raits that help survival/reproduction get passed on.

Genotype vs Phenotype

Genotype = genes. Phenotype = traits you see.

Why are gene–environment interactions important for traits?

Genes set limits, environment influences expression.

What are the basic parts of a neuron?

Soma, dendrites, axon, terminal buttons.

How do neurons communicate?

An electrical signal triggers a neurotransmitter which is released into the synapse, and the next neuron then receives it.

Agonists vs Antagonists

Agonists mimic/increase neurotransmitters, Antagonists block them.

What is the spinal cord?

Connects the brain and body and controls reflexes.

What are the two hemispheres of the brain?

Left = logic/language, Right = spatial/creative

What does the left brain do?

Language and logic.

What does the right brain do?

Creativity and spacial processing.

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital.

What do the four lobes of the brain do?

Frontal = thinking/movement, Parietal = touch, Temporal = hearing/memory, Occipital = vision.

What tools are used to image or scan the brain?

CT, PET, MRI, fMRI, EEG.

What does the theory of evolution state?

Species change over time; helpful traits survive.

What do evolutionary psychologists study?

How evolution shaped behavior.

What are chromosomes?

DNA-containing structures in nucleus.

What is DNA?

Molecule with genetic code.

What are genes?

DNA segments coding traits.

What is an allele?

A variant of a gene.

What is a genotype?

Genetic makeup.

What is a phenotype?

Observable traits.

What is the range of reaction?

Genetic limits, environment decides where traits fall.

What is epigenetics?

Environment affects gene expression.

What is the nervous system?

Communication network (CNS + PNS).

What is a neuron?

Nerve cell.

What are glial cells?

They support and protect neurons.

What is the soma?

Cell body of a neuron.

What do dendrites do?

Recieve information.

What do dendrites do?

Sends information.

What do terminal buttons do?

Release neurotransmitters.

What are synaptic vesicles?

Sacs holding neurotransmitters.

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemical messengers.

What does serotonin control?

Mood and sleep.

What does dopamine control?

Reward and movement.

What does the myelin sheath do?

Speeds signals along axon.

What is a synapse?

Gap between neurons.

What is an action potential?

Electrical signal down the axon.

What is reuptake?

Neurotransmitter reabsorbed.

What are agonists?

Drugs that mimic/increase neurotransmitters.

What are antagonists?

Drugs that block neurotransmitters.

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Nerves outside brain and spinal cord.

Somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary movement and sensory input

Autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary functions (organs, glands)

Sympathetic nervous system

Activates fight-or-flight response

Parasympathetic nervous system

Activates rest-and-digest response

Neuroplasticity

The brain’s ability to adapt and change

Cerebral cortex

Outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher thought and language

Hemispheres

Left and right halves of the brain

Lateralization

Specialization of functions in each hemisphere

Frontal lobe

Controls planning, reasoning, and movement

Parietal lobe

Processes touch and spatial awareness

Temporal lobe

Processes hearing, memory, and language

Occipital lobe

Processes vision

Broca’s area

Brain region for speech production

Wernicke’s area

Brain region for language comprehension

Somatosensory cortex

Processes touch sensations

Motor cortex

Controls voluntary movement

Thalamus

Relay station for sensory information

Limbic system

Regulates emotions and memory

Hippocampus

Forms new memories

Hypothalamus

Regulates hunger, hormones, and body temperature

Amygdala

Processes fear and emotional reactions

Reticular formation

Regulates alertness and arousal

Hindbrain

Brain region for survival functions

Medulla

Controls breathing and heartbeat

Pons

Controls sleep and coordination

Cerebellum

Controls balance and coordination

CT scan

Brain imaging using X-rays for structure

PET scan

Brain imaging that measures activity using glucose

MRI

Brain imaging showing detailed structure using magnets

FMRI

Brain imaging measuring activity through blood flow

EEG

Records electrical brain activity (brain waves)

Endocrine system

System of glands that produce hormones

Hormones

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood