Hydrocarbon
A compound made only of carbon and hydrogen.
Fuels
Many fuels are mainly hydrocarbons.
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Hydrocarbon
A compound made only of carbon and hydrogen.
Fuels
Many fuels are mainly hydrocarbons.
Combustion
An exothermic reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings.
Hydrocarbon combustion equation
Hydrocarbon + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide.
Oxidation
A reaction where substances react with oxygen.
Metal oxidation equation
Metal + oxygen → metal oxide.
Carbon dioxide test
Turns limewater milky.
Hydrogen test
Burns with a squeaky pop.
Water test
Turns blue cobalt chloride pink and anhydrous copper sulfate blue.
Thermal decomposition
Hydrated copper sulfate loses water to form anhydrous copper sulfate.
Conservation of mass
The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.
Mass changes in reactions
Metals appear to gain mass when reacting with oxygen, fuels appear to lose mass as gases escape.
Phlogiston theory
Old theory stating substances release phlogiston when burned.
Fire triangle
Oxygen, heat, and fuel are required for a fire to burn.
Fire extinguishers
Remove heat or oxygen to stop fires.
Oil fires
Water causes oil to splatter and spread the fire.
Hazard symbols
Indicate why substances must be handled carefully.
Complete combustion
Fuel reacts fully with oxygen, producing only carbon dioxide and water.
Incomplete combustion
Produces carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, and carbon (soot).
Sulfur combustion
Sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide.
Nitrogen combustion
Nitrogen + oxygen → nitrogen oxides.
Pollution
Burning fossil fuels harms habitats.
Acid rain
Caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
Neutralization
Used to remove acidic gases from power stations.
Catalytic converters
Remove carbon monoxide and other pollutants.
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases trap heat and warm the Earth.
Energy absorption
Most energy from the Sun is absorbed, increasing temperature.
Carbon dioxide
A greenhouse gas contributing to global warming.
Global warming
Temperature increase due to excess carbon dioxide.
Climate change
Predicted effects of global warming.
Reducing carbon dioxide
The best way to control global warming.