DNA
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Last updated 1:30 AM on 10/15/22
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27 Terms
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DNA
a molecule containing the genetic information of cells (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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primer
a short sequence of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand
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RNA
a single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose (ribonucleic acid)
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RNA primer
a short sequence of RNA nucleotides that signals DNA polymerase where to begin replication
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leading strand
the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
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lagging strand
a discontinuous DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.
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antiparallel
the opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix
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DNA polymerase III
an enzyme that adds the new nucleotides to the growing stand, and proofreads for mistakes
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DNA ligase
an enzyme that links/glues the okazaki fragments together
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primase
an enzyme that puts down the RNA primer
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nucleotide
a building block of DNA
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okazaki fragments
the new nucleotide fragments added on the lagging strand
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transcription
the making of an mRNA molecule from a DNA template
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codon
a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid or starts / stops protein synthesis
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triplet codon
a sequence of three bases that code for an amino acid
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gene
a sequence of nucleotides on the DNA molecule that codes for the production of a particular protein
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translation
tRNA molecules read the triplet codons by their own 3-letter anticodons
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methionine
always the first amino acid - AUG is the triplet codon on mRNA (TAC og)
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rRNA
structural RNA - ribosomes are made of this
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mRNA
messenger RNA - made in transcription - leaves the nucleus to deliver instructions to the ribosome
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tRNA
transfer RNA - located at the ribosome - translate the mRNA and ring in the correct amino acids
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promoter
a DNA segment that helps RNA polymerase know where to start transcription
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operator
a DNA segment that turns a gene on or off
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operon
a region of DNA that includes the promoter and operator and the genes to be transcribed into protein
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mutation
any change in the genetic information of a cell
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mutagen
a physical or chemical agent that can increase the likelihood of a mutation
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point mutations
nucleotide substitutions — the replacement of one nucleotide and its base-pairing partner with another pair of nucleotides
