bio

how many steps does glycloysis have

10

does each step of glycloysis have its own enzyme

yes

where does glycloysis take place

the cytoplasm

what are the first 5 steps of glycloysis

energy investment

what are the last 5 steps of glycloysis

energy payout

what are the end products of glycloysis

 2 atp, 2 nadh, and 2 pyruvic acids (222)

where does the krebs cycle and electron transport take place

the mitochondria

what is the first stage of cellular respiration

glycolysis

krebs cycle is also known as what

citric acid cycle

how many spins are in the krebs cycle

2 molecules for every pyruvic acid

end result of krebs cycle

2 atp, 6 co2, 8 nadh, 2 fadh2

what is a calorie

the amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

what is A calorie (food labels)

a kilo-calorie=1000 calories

cellurlar respiration=

glycloysis+ krebs cycle+ electron transport chain ( in the presence of oxygen which is areobic)

what is cellular respiration

the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

what is the formula for cellular respiration

6o2+c6h12o6→ 6co2 + 6h2o + energy

what is glycolysis

the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken into 3 carbon molecules (pyruvic acid)

for atp production, how many molecules are needed to start the reaction, and how many are made

2 ATP molescules are needed to start the reaction, 4 atp molecules are made, and their is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

what is NAD+

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- electron carrier

NAD+ accepts a pair of high energy electrons and becomes what

NADH

NADH carries electrons to other what

pathways

oxidative respiration=

krebs cycle and electron transport chain

pyruvic acid is broken down into

co2 in a series of energy extracting reactions

during the krebs cycle, what is the first compound formed

citric acid

1 carbon from each pyruvic acid become

a molecule of co2 and is released

how many carbon atoms from pyruvic acid are joined to coenzyme A to make Acetyl coA

2

Acetyl coA combines with

a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid

cotroc acid is borken into a

4 carbon molecule and co2 is released

electrons are transferred to energy carries, and how many carbon molecules start the cycle all over again

4

throughout the cycle, a pair of high energy electrons changes nad+ to what and fad to what

NAD+ to NADH and FAD to FADH2 (electron carrier)

electrons passed to ____ __and__ __ __are carried to the electron transport chain to convert__ ____to______

NADH and FADH, to convert ADP to ATP. this occurs in a series of carrier proteins at the inner membrane of the mitochondria

at the end of the electron transport chain, high energy electrons combine with __ __and__ _ to form what

combine with H+ ions and oxygen to form water ( oxygen is the final election receptor

when 2 high energy electrons transport down the electron transport chain, it causes

a charge difference across the inter-membrane space

the inner membrane produces _______ __which converts to__

produces ATP synthase which converts ADP to ATP

what is the total amount of atp in glycolysis, oxidative respiration and what do both of them add up to

glycolysis= 2 atp

oxidative respiration= 34atp

total= 36 atp

this represents 38% of glucoses energy, the rest is released as heat

what does fermentation do

follows glycolysis and releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)

cells convert NADH to NAD+ by

passing electrons back to pyruvic acid

what is alcoholic fermentation and what is the formula

yeast forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide,

pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + co2 + NAD+

how many ATP molecules does fermentation produce

2 ATP molecules

what is lactic acid fermentation and whats the formula

pyruvic acid gets converted to lactic acid

pyruvic acid +NADH → lactic acid + NAD+

lactic acid is produced where '

and what kind of organisms make lactic acids

muscles during exercise

unicellular