brain

anatomy S2

brainstem

consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

cerebrum is the _____ part of the brain

largest and most superior

2 layers of dura mater

periosteal (superficial)

meningeal (deep)

falx cerebri

dura mater in between the hemispheres

above tentorium

falx cerebelli

extension of dura mater in between hemispheres of cerebellum

below tentorium

tentorium cerebelli

horixontal extension between cerebrum and cerebellum

blood flows TO the brain from the _____, that enter from the ______

internal carotids and vertebral arteries, foramen magnum

blood flows AWAY from the brain via veins that flow into the _____ and drain into the ______

dural sinuses, internal jugular veins

the brain uses about __ % of total oxygen and glucose consumed

20

lack of oxygen for 4 minutes begins permanent brain damage T/F

true

what does an astrocyte do in the BBB?

surrounds capillaries and secrete chemicals to help maintain BBB

substances that cross BBB easily:

O2, H2O, CO2, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine

substances that cant pass BBB

proteins, antibiotics

cerebrospinal fluid is primarily ?

water

cerebrospinal fluid functions

protects brain and spinal cord

provides optimal environment for neuronal function

exchanges nutrients and waste between nervous tissue and blood

CS fluid is produced by:

choroid plexuses

what helps regulate what passes into the cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

CS fluid is reabsorbed by

arachnoid granulations

CS fluid is absorbed at ______ rate as it is produced to maintain pressure

the same

hydrocephalus is caused by

disorders preventing normal CS fluid reabsorption

hydrocephalus causes

increased CS fluid and increased pressure on the brain

this can lead to dysfunction and death of neural tissue

netlike configuration of interspersed gray and white matter extending through brain stem

reticular formation

white matter of the medulla contain all ____ and ____ tracts between the SC and brain

sensory (ascending) and motor (descending)

what does pontine respiratory group do?

helps control breathing

pontine nuclei

large synaptic relay area of gray matter nuclei

cerebral peduncles

paired bundles of axons that connect the cerebrum to the spinal cord, medulla, and pons

substantia nigra

nuclei that release dopamine that helps control subconscious motor activity

loss of substantia nigra leads to

parkinsons disease

folia

the leaves- gray matter

arbor vitae

white matter- the branches

functions of hypothalamus

controls ANS

produces hormones

regulates emotions and behaviors, eating and drinking, and circadian rhythm

controls body temp

pineal gland is in the ____ and secretes ____

epithalamus, melatonin

habenular nuclei is in the ___ and is involved in ____

epithalamus, emotional response to smell

circumventricular organs lack _____ and monitor ______

blood brain barrier, chemical changes in blood

circumventricular organs regulate:

bp, fluid balance, hunger, thirst

cerebral gyri

ridges of cerebral cortex

cerebral sulci

grooves between gyri

longitudinal cerebral fissues

separates cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

precentral cerebral gyrus is the:

primary motor cortex

postcentral gyrus is the:

primary sensory cortex

association tracts

axons conducting nerve impulses between cerebral gyri in the SAME hemisphere

commissural tracts

axons conduction nerve impulses between cerebral gyri in DIFFERENT hempispheres

projection tracts

axons that condiction nerve impulses from cerebrum to lower part of CNS and vice versa

corpus striatum helps initate and terminate:

subconscious skeletal muscles movements

cognitive processes

neurons dont divide unless they’re ___

mature

cerebral associated areas deal with:

complex integrative functions- memory, emotionals, personality, intelligence

cerebral motor areas:

control execution of voluntary movements

sensory homonculus

map showing how many sensory receptors are in a region of the body (weird looking map thing)

primary visual cortex

located in occipital lobe

receives visual info

primary auditory cortex

in temporal lobe

gustatory cortex

in insula

taste and taste discrimination

somatosensory assosciation area

allows you to figure out what/where objects are by feeling them

visual association area

occipital lobe

relates present and past visuals to determine what you’re seeing

facial recognition area

inferior temporal lobe (below auditory)

primarily in right hemisphere

orbitofrontal cortex

lateral frontal lobe

allows for identification and discrimination of odors

auditory association area

temporal lobe

recognition of noise

hemispheric lateralization

each hemisphere specializes in certain functions

less pronounced in females