Biology 288-Lecture 3

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Cell biology

29 Terms

1

What are two types of cell division?

  1. mitosis

  2. meiosis

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2

How does the cytoskeleton aid in cell division?

The cytoskeleton realigns and equally divides the chromosomes (mitosis) or half the chromosomes (meiosis)

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3

Other than cell division, what is the purpose of rearranging the cytoskeleton?

It allows for phagocytosis to occur

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4

How does meiosis create genetic variability?

The cells experience a crossing over event during cell division

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5

What is the function of the cell’s filopodia that’s sent out by the cytoskeleton?

The filopodia searches for nearby molecular cues

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6

How does chemotherapy effect the cytoskeleton?

It disrupts cell division by halting the cytoskeleton from aiding cell division at chromosome realignment

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7

How do we prevent chemotherapy from effecting our healthy body cells?

-We can’t!

-The best we can do is administer enough chemotherapy that it kills the cancer cell without killing the human

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8

What is the purpose of model organisms?

They allow us to test different components without testing them directly on humans

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9

Why is E.coli a good model organism?

Its easy to grow and its structure is easy to manipulate

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10

Why are rats and mice good model organisms?

-They have a genome that’s relatively close to the human genome

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11

Although rats and mice have a genome similar to humans, what is the downside of relying on them as model organisms?

Any research done on their genome would be hard to translate to humans for application

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12

Why is it easy to manipulate the genome of rats and mice?

Their genome is easy to manipulate-knockout or knockin genes

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13

What is the purpose of using fluorescence during transplant experiments?

This allows us to track where the tissue goes

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14

Where are PC12 cells derived from?

They are derived from the adrenal gland

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15

Describe the relationship between PC12 cells and cortisol

When cortisol is present, the PC12 cells do nothing, they just divide, but when cortisol is removed, these cells differentiate

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16

Where were Hella cells derived from?

They were derived form the brain tumor of an African American woman

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17

What realization came from the Hella cells?

It allowed us to realize that cells can be grown outside the body

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18

Define immortalization

A cell is modified to divide forever, but not live forever

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19

Why is immortalization necessary?

As cells mature, they become defined making them less likely to divide and in order to study cells for a long period of time they should be able to divide so the experiment can be conducted a number of times

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20

What are non-defined cells?

non-immortalized cells that will divide regularly until they become defined

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21

What are primary cells?

Cells that are taken directly from the organism

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22

What is the Hayflick limit?

cells which are arrested and no longer divide

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23

What do labs use in order to reprogram cells and make them immortalized?

Labs use viruses

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24

Because an immortalized cell essentially divides forever it becomes a _______ cell

Cancerous

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25

Why is an immortalized cell still different than the way it was in the human body although its the same cell?

An immortalized cell is genetically modified and now in a different environment than the human body

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26

Is an organism with more genomes more complicated?

no

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27

What does an increased number of genomes represent if not the organism’s complexity?

It represents the organism’s requirements

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28

What does a larger genome size represent?

It shows an increased number of protein coding genes

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29

Why is the production of protein (DNA-RNA-Protein) not a 1:1 ratio?

Post-transcriptional editing modifies the RNA allowing it to make 2 or more different proteins instead of just 1

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