Unit 3 Exam Study Guide: Key Topics and Review

Pain types

acute, chronic, neuropathic, referred.

Nociception

transduction, transmission, perception, modulation.

Spinothalamic tract

carries pain/temp to brain.

Coma

a state of prolonged unconsciousness.

Brain death

irreversible loss of all brain function.

Delirium

an acute, fluctuating change in mental status.

Dysphasia

difficulty in speech or language comprehension.

Seizure phases

prodrome, aura, ictal, postictal.

Breathing patterns

Cheyne-Stokes, Kussmaul, agonal.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

regulates water balance in the body.

Graves' disease

↑T3/T4, ↓TSH.

Hypothyroidism

Hashimoto's disease.

Diabetes Type 1

autoimmune, DKA.

Diabetes Type 2

insulin resistance, HHS.

Cortisol disorders

Addison's (↓cortisol), Cushing's (↑cortisol), Conn's (↑aldosterone), Pheochromocytoma (↑catecholamines).

Prolactinoma

↑prolactin → galactorrhea, amenorrhea.

Hydrocephalus

communicating vs non-communicating.

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

stages: compensation → confusion → Cushing's triad → herniation.

Brain injury types

concussion, CTE, hematomas, abscess, encephalitis.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

ischemic (thrombotic, embolic, lacunar), hemorrhagic, TIA.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

CNS demyelination, fatigue, weakness.

Huntington's Disease

chorea, cognitive decline, ↓GABA neurons.

Alzheimer's disease

memory loss, plaques, tangles.

Parkinson's disease

↓dopamine (substantia nigra), tremor, bradykinesia.

Upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions

spasticity, hyperreflexia.

Lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions

flaccidity, atrophy, fasciculations.

Myasthenia Gravis

ACh receptor antibodies, fatigueable weakness.