THE ACTUAL WORKSHEET- with teeth and digestion

What are the two digestive enzymes found in saliva?

Salivary amylase and lingual lipase.

What are the two main cell types found in salivary glands and their secretions?

Serous cells produce a watery secretion containing enzymes, ions, and a tiny bit of mucin; mucous cells produce mucus.

What enzyme found in saliva inhibits bacterial growth?

Lysozyme.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system primarily controls salivation?

The parasympathetic division.

What type of reflex is salivation induced by the sight or thought of food?

Conditioned intrinsic reflex.

What are the first set of teeth called and when do they begin to appear?

Deciduous teeth begin to appear around 6 months of age.

How many teeth are typically in the first set of teeth?

20 teeth.

How many teeth are in the second set (permanent teeth)?

32 teeth.

What are the most posterior molars in each jaw commonly called?

Wisdom teeth.

What is the hardest substance in the body that covers the tooth crown?

Enamel.

What attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures?

Periodontal membrane.

What forms the bulk of tooth structure and is similar to bone?

Dentin.

What is the collection of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics within a tooth called?

Pulp.

What is the material covering the tooth root?

Cementum.

What are the organs behind the parietal layer of the peritoneum called?

Retroperitoneal organs.

What is the body's most extensive serous membrane?

The peritoneum.

What connects the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum?

Mesentery.

What type of substances strongly activate chemoreceptors related to salivation?

Sour substances.

What is the term for the second set of teeth?

Permanent teeth.

What is the role of antibodies in the mouth?

They protect against microorganisms.

What is the significance of the term 'inherent' in the context of teeth?

It refers to the essential and important structure of teeth.

What is the physiological adaptation that occurs in response to stimuli in the autonomic nervous system?

Adaptation to sympathetic fright/flight responses.

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

To process food so that it can be absorbed and utilized by the body's cells.

What are the two main categories of organs in the digestive system?

Alimentary canal organs and accessory digestive organs.

What are the major processes occurring during digestive system activity?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of undigested remains.

What is the peritoneum and what is its function?

The peritoneum is a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it.

What does the term 'retroperitoneal' refer to?

Organs that are located behind the peritoneum.

What is splanchic circulation?

The blood flow to the digestive organs.

Why is the hepatic portal system important?

It directs blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

What is the composition and function of saliva?

Saliva contains water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes; it aids in digestion and lubrication of food.

What is the dental formula and how does it differentiate between deciduous and permanent teeth?

The dental formula represents the number and types of teeth; deciduous teeth are temporary and replaced by permanent teeth.

What are the mechanisms of chewing and swallowing?

Chewing involves mechanical breakdown of food, while swallowing is the process of moving food from the mouth to the esophagus.

What structural modifications enhance the digestive process in the stomach?

Rugae (folds), gastric pits, and various cell types that secrete gastric juice.

What are the cell types responsible for secreting components of gastric juice?

Parietal cells (HCl), chief cells (pepsinogen), and mucous cells (mucus).

What is the alkaline tide?

The temporary increase in blood pH following the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

What structural modifications enhance the digestive process in the small intestine?

Villi and microvilli increase surface area for absorption.

What are the roles of the various cell types of the intestinal mucosa?

Absorption, secretion of digestive enzymes, and hormone production.

What is the role of intestinal hormones and paracrines?

They regulate digestive processes and coordinate the function of digestive organs.

What is the histologic anatomy of the liver?

The liver is composed of hepatocytes arranged in lobules, with sinusoids and bile ducts.

What is the role of bile in digestion?

Bile emulsifies fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile until it is needed for digestion.

What is the role of pancreatic juice in digestion?

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What are the major functions of the large intestine?

Water absorption, formation of feces, and storage of waste until defecation.

What enzymes are involved in chemical digestion and what foodstuffs do they act on?

Proteases (proteins), lipases (fats), amylases (carbohydrates), and nucleases (nucleic acids).

What are the end products of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid digestion?

Amino acids (proteins), fatty acids and glycerol (fats), monosaccharides (carbohydrates), and nucleotides (nucleic acids).

How does absorption of breakdown products of foodstuffs occur in the small intestine?

Through the walls of the villi via active and passive transport mechanisms.

What is the primary function of the digestive tract?

To carry food through its breakdown process and make nutrients available to body cells.

What does Chapter 23 of the notes review?

The anatomy of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs, mechanical and enzymatic breakdown, and absorption mechanisms.

What is considered in Chapter 24 of the notes?

Cellular metabolism, which is the utilization of foodstuffs by body cells.

What forms the continuous tube of the alimentary canal?

The organs from the mouth to the anus.

List the organs of the alimentary canal from proximal to distal.

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus.

What are the accessory structures associated with the mouth?

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands.

What are the accessory structures associated with the duodenum?

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

What are the four typical layers of the alimentary canal walls?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.

What is the function of the mucosa layer?

It is the secretory and absorptive layer of the alimentary canal.

What is the role of the submucosa layer?

It contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

What is the serosa?

The outermost layer of the wall; it is also known as the visceral peritoneum.

What connects the visceral and parietal layers of the serous membrane?

The mesentery.

What is the function of the muscularis externa layer?

It is composed of at least two muscle layers that facilitate movement through the digestive tract.

What is the lumen in the context of the digestive system?

The hollow space within the alimentary canal where food passes through.

What is the significance of villi in the small intestine?

Villi increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

What is the vermiform appendix?

A small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum, often considered to have an immune function.

What does the term 'gastrointestinal tract' refer to?

The entire digestive system, including all organs from the mouth to the anus.

What is the primary role of the digestive system?

To break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste.

What is the importance of the digestive system in relation to eating?

It provides for one of life's greatest pleasures—eating.

What are the stages of embryonic development of the digestive system?

The notes suggest a need to describe these stages, but specific details are not provided.

What abnormalities can occur in the gastrointestinal tract?

The notes indicate a need to describe these abnormalities at different life stages.

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

It produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to aid in the digestion of food in the small intestine.

What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

It produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats.

What are the four functions of saliva?

1. Cleanses the mouth 2. Dissolves food chemicals for tasting 3. Aids in compacting food into a bolus 4. Contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of starchy foods.

What are the three main pairs of salivary glands and where do their ducts open?

1. Parotid glands - open in the oral cavity near the upper molars. 2. Submandibular glands - open under the tongue. 3. Sublingual glands - open at the floor of the mouth.

What is peristalsis?

A contraction and relaxation process that moves food through the digestive tract.

What are the two primary nerve plexuses regulating digestive function?

1. Intrinsic (enteric) nervous system 2. Extrinsic nervous system.

What is the difference between long and short reflexes in digestion?

Short reflexes are mediated by local enteric plexuses, while long reflexes involve the central nervous system.

What is the function of the mesentery?

It connects the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum and provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.

What are retroperitoneal organs?

Organs located behind the parietal layer of the peritoneum.

What are intraperitoneal organs?

Organs that are located within the peritoneal cavity.

What is the role of the uvula in the digestive system?

It helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing.

What is the lingual frenulum?

A structure that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

What is the palatine raphe?

A ridge that runs along the midline of the hard palate.

What is the function of the tongue in digestion?

It aids in tasting, manipulating food, and forming a bolus for swallowing.

What is the role of the salivary glands in digestion?

They produce saliva which moistens food, aids in taste, and begins the digestive process.

What is mechanical digestion?

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

What is chemical digestion?

The enzymatic breakdown of food into smaller molecules.

What is absorption in the context of the digestive system?

The transport of nutrients from the lumen of the digestive tract into the bloodstream.

What is defecation?

The elimination of feces from the digestive tract.

What is segmentation?

A process that mixes food in the intestines and aids in digestion and absorption.

What are the two types of receptors that elicit responses in the digestive tract?

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors.

What stimuli can trigger digestive activity?

Stretching of the organ by food, osmolarity, solute concentration, and pH of the contents.

What is the role of enzymes in saliva?

They begin the chemical breakdown of starches in food.

What are the colors assigned to different structures in the mouth for identification?

Red for the structure attaching the tongue, blue for unsupported roof portions, yellow for lymphatic tissue, and pink for taste bud areas.