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Melioidosis (Agent)

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Gram-negative rod)

Melioidosis (Reservoir/Primary Animals)

Rodents, soil, water (rice fields)

Melioidosis (Mode of Transmission)

Contact with contaminated soil/water through abraded skin /inhalation

Melioidosis (Clinical Features in Humans)

Fever, pneumonia, visceral abscesses

Melioidosis (Clinical Features in Animals)

Abscesses in viscera, arthritis in sheep/pigs

Melioidosis (Diagnosis)

Culture ,hamster inoculation ,hemagglutination test

Melioidosis (Control)

Protective clothing (boots) for farmers/ early diagnosis & treatment

Necrobacillosis (Agent)

Fusobacterium necrophorum (Gram-negative rod)

Necrobacillosis (Reservoir)

Cattle, sheep, goats, birds

Necrobacillosis (Mode of Transmission)

Wound contamination from infected tissue or fomites

Necrobacillosis (Clinical Features in Humans)

Necrotic pustule, lymphadenitis

Necrobacillosis (Clinical Features in Animals)

Foot rot, calf diphtheria, liver abscesses

Necrobacillosis (Diagnosis)

Culture/animal inoculation

Necrobacillosis (Control)

Personal hygiene,use of gloves

Pasteurellosis (Agent)

Pasteurella multocida (Gram-negative coccobacillus)

Pasteurellosis (Reservoir)

Respiratory tract/mouth of animals (dogs, cats)

Pasteurellosis (Mode of Transmission)

Bites or scratches from dogs/cats

Pasteurellosis (Clinical Features in Humans)

Local cellulitis at bite site

Pasteurellosis (Clinical Features in Animals)

Fowl cholera, hemorrhagic septicemia, atrophic rhinitis

Pasteurellosis (Diagnosis)

Culture,serology,PCR

Pasteurellosis (Control)

Prevent animal bites, prompt treatment of bite wounds

Plague (Agent)

Yersinia pestis (Gram-negative rod)

Plague (Reservoir)

Rodents and their fleas

Plague (Mode of Transmission)

Flea bites,inhalation (pneumonic form),lab hazard

Plague (Clinical Features)

Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic forms

Plague (Diagnosis)

Culture, guinea pig inoculation,stained exudates from buboes

Plague (Control)

Rodent control, vaccinate high-risk groups,isolate patients

Rat-Bite Fever (Agent)

Streptobacillus moniliformis (Gram-negative rod) or Spirillum minus (Gram-negative spiral)

Rat-Bite Fever (Reservoir)

Rats, other rodents

Rat-Bite Fever (Mode of Transmission)

Bite from infected rat,ingestion of contaminated milk

Rat-Bite Fever (Clinical Features)

Fever, rash, arthritis (S. moniliformis),ecurrent fever & rash (S. minus)

Rat-Bite Fever (Diagnosis)

Culture (S. moniliformis),dark-field microscopy,mouse inoculation

Rat-Bite Fever (Control)

Rat control, avoid rat bites,pasteurize milk

Salmonellosis (Agent)

Salmonella spp. (Gram-negative rod)

Salmonellosis (Reservoir/Primary Animals)

Environment, infected humans/animals, reptiles

Salmonellosis (Mode of Transmission)

Ingestion of contaminated food/water (eggs, poultry, milk)

Salmonellosis (Clinical Features in Humans)

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Salmonellosis (Clinical Features in Animals)

Septicemia/enteritis in young animals

Salmonellosis (Diagnosis)

Culture and serotyping

Salmonellosis (Control)

Interrupt food chain contamination,pasteurize milk,proper cooking

Shigellosis (Agent)

Shigella spp. (Gram-negative rod)

Shigellosis (Reservoir)

Man, non-human primates

Shigellosis (Mode of Transmission)

Fecal-oral route,flies

Shigellosis (Clinical Features in Humans)

Fever, mucoid/bloody diarrhea, dehydration

Shigellosis (Clinical Features in Animals)

Diarrhea in non-human primates

Shigellosis (Diagnosis)

Culture and serologic typing

Shigellosis (Control)

Strict hygiene,proper water/sewage disposal, food protection

Staphylococcal Disease (Agent)

Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive cocci)

Staphylococcal Disease (Reservoir)

Mammals (man, cattle, pets)

Staphylococcal Disease (Mode of Transmission)

Contact with suppurative lesions/mastitis,fomites,milk

Staphylococcal Disease (Clinical Features in Humans)

Boils, impetigo, wound infections

Staphylococcal Disease (Clinical Features in Animals)

Suppurative lesions, mastitis

Staphylococcal Disease (Diagnosis)

Culture,phage typing

Staphylococcal Disease (Control)

Personal hygiene

proper antibiotic use

asepsis in surgery

Staph. Food Poisoning (Agent)

S. aureus enterotoxin (Gram-positive cocci)

Staph. Food Poisoning (Reservoir)

Man (nasal/skin carriers), cattle

Staph. Food Poisoning (Mode of Transmission)

Ingestion of preformed toxin in food left at warm temperatures

Staph. Food Poisoning (Clinical Features)

Abdominal cramps, explosive diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

Staph. Food Poisoning (Diagnosis)

Clinical signs,detect toxin in food

Staph. Food Poisoning (Control)

Personal hygiene in food handling,rapid refrigeration of foods

Streptococcal Disease (Agent)

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) and others (Gram-positive cocci)

Streptococcal Disease (Reservoir)

Man (Group A), Cattle, horses, pigs

Streptococcal Disease (Mode of Transmission)

Direct contact, via fomites,infected milk

Streptococcal Disease (Clinical Features in Humans)

Sore throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever (Group A)

Streptococcal Disease (Clinical Features in Animals)

Mastitis, strangles (other groups)

Streptococcal Disease (Diagnosis)

Culture

Streptococcal Disease (Control)

Personal hygiene , mastitis control ,pasteurize milk

Tetanus (Agent)

Clostridium tetani (Gram-positive rod)

Tetanus (Reservoir)

Environment (soil), especially in horse areas

Tetanus (Mode of Transmission)

Contamination of wounds with spores from soil/dust

Tetanus (Clinical Features)

Painful muscular contractions (lockjaw, risus sardonicus), paralysis, death

Tetanus (Diagnosis)

Clinical signs, anaerobic culture

Tetanus (Control)

Immunization (toxoid),prompt wound care

antitoxin

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever (Agent)

Borrelia spp. (Gram-negative spiral/spirochete)

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever (Reservoir)

Wild animals, Ornithodoros ticks

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever (Mode of Transmission)

Tick bites

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever (Clinical Features)

Recurrent fever, erythema, jaundice

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever (Diagnosis)

Dark-field microscopy,stained blood smears

Tick-Born Relapsing Fever (Control)

Avoid tick-infested areas, protective clothing

Tuberculosis (Agent)

Mycobacterium bovis, M. tuberculosis (Gram-positive acid-fast rod)

Tuberculosis (Reservoir)

Man, cattle, other domestic/wild animals

Tuberculosis (Mode of Transmission)

Respiratory droplets, ingestion of contaminated milk

Tuberculosis (Clinical Features in Humans)

Pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis (cervical)

Tuberculosis (Clinical Features in Animals)

Chronic pulmonary disease, miliary lesions

Tuberculosis (Diagnosis)

Intradermal tuberculin test, radiography, culture

Tuberculosis (Control)

Eliminate infected livestock,pasteurize milk, BCG vaccine (humans)

Tularemia (Agent)

Francisella tularensis (Gram-negative coccobacillus)

Tularemia (Reservoir)

Wild rodents, rabbits, ticks

Tularemia (Mode of Transmission)

Tick/deer fly bites, contact with infected animals, ingestion of rabbit meat

Tularemia (Clinical Features)

Ulceroglandular form, lymphadenitis

Tularemia (Diagnosis)

Culture, immunofluorescence, animal inoculation

Tularemia (Control)

Arthropod/rodent control, protective clothing,live vaccine

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus (Agent)

Vibrio parahemolyticus (Gram-negative curved rod)

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus (Reservoir)

Seawater, marine fish/shellfish

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus (Mode of Transmission)

Ingestion of undercooked contaminated seafood

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus (Clinical Features)

Acute gastroenteritis

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus (Diagnosis)

Culture of food/feces, Kanagawa test

Vibriosis Parahemolyticus (Control)

Hygiene handling seafood, cook seafood adequately