Bio Lab Quiz (Labs 1-3)

Biodiversity

includes all forms of life in its great diversity

Systematics

study of the diversity of organisms (both present and extinct) and their relationships

Taxonomy

aims at classifying and naming organisms

Phylogeny

• representation of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

• tree indicates common ancestors and descendants (lineages)

Binomial nomenclature

each species name consists of two Latin words: the genus (group of species) and the specific epithet (species name)

Rules for binomial nomenclature

• when writing: italics or underline

• only genus name should be capitalized

• genus can be abbreviated to a single letter (ex. H. sapiens)

Hierarchy of Taxonomic Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which domain(s) contain(s) prokaryotic organisms?

Bacteria and Archea

Domain Bacteria

• contains most diverse prokaryotes

• most heterotrophic

• unicellular organisms

Domain Archea

• contains unicellular prokaryotes

• less diverse than Bacteria

• diff than Bacteria: due to diff in rRNA, plasma membrane, cell wall chemistry

Domain Eukarya

• diverse unicellular and multicellular organisms

• cells have membrane-bound nucleus

• divided into 4 Kingdoms (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia)

Derived characters

when a group has its own individual characteristics, divergence is presumed

Ancestral characters

characteristics shared by all groups, ancestor and descendants

Cladogram

• same as phylogenetic trees

• diagram that shows how organisms are related to each other

Taxonomic/dichotomous keys

• enable to identify a specimen by comparing it, feature by feature, with alternative possibilities

• each choice leads to another pair of statements until the organism can be identified by its taxonomic category

What do all cells have?

• plasma membrane

• cytoplasm

• genetic material (DNA)

• ribosomes

Shapes of Prokaryotes

• Cocci (spherical)

• Bacilli (rod-shaped)

• Spirilla (spiral-shaped)

Protists

• composed of eukaryotic cells

• nucleus and membrane bound organelles

• most are microscopic

Sessile

organisms that are not capable of moving from one place to another

Motile

organisms capable of moving from one place to another

Protists are also called…

• algae: posses chloroplasts containing chlorophyll (can photosynthesize); autotrophs

• protozoa: unicellular heterotrophs (use phagocytosis); possess flagella, cilia, pseudopods for movement

• fungus-like protists: heterotrophic Slime + Water Molds that produce spores

Slime & Water Molds

known as oomycetes, have several similarities to fungi; decomposers or parasites; produce spores

Fucus

macroscopic algae, multicellular, sessile, brown pigment, leafy, lives in salt water

Chara

macroscopic, green pigment, lives in freshwater, multicellular

Spirogyra

microscopic, unicellular, green-rod like structures

Volvox

microscopic, lives in a colony, algae, motile (flagella), green-pigment

Euglena

microscopic, motile (flagella

Paramecium

microscopic, protozoa, motile (cilia), unicellular, tan

Stentor

microscopic, unicellular, protozoa, motile (cilia)

Diatoms

microscopic, freshwater, variety of geometric shapes, glass-like appearance

Alternation of Generations

plants that have both a multicellular diploid phase (sporophyte) and multicellular haploid phase (gametophyte)

Bryophytes

dominant gametophyte with dependent sporophyte

Lycophytes, Ferns, Horsetails

dominant sporophyte, both gametophyte and sporophyte can live independently

Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

dominant sporophyte with dependent gametophyte

Xylem

tissue in plants that transport water, cell walls make them rigid and strong

Phloem

tissue that transports sugars

Megaphylls

multiple leaf veins that branch out

Microphylls

only one leaf vein that does not branch out

Spores

haploid, grow into a new gametophyte, contains sporopollenin (prevents drying)

Seeds

product of fertilization, diploid embryo that grow into a new sporophyte, seed coat (hard covering that prevents drying)

Charophytes

• aquatic

• contains sporopollenin

Bryophytes- liverwort

• no vascular tissue

• reproduce w/ spores

Bryophytes- mosses

• no vascular tissue

• reproduce w/ spores

Lycophytes

• vascular tissue

• microphylls

• reproduce w/ spores

Ferns

• vascular tissue

• megaphylls

• reproduce w/ spores

• have sporangia on the backs of leaves

Horsetails

• vascular tissue

• silica in their cell walls

• rigged stems

• reproduce w/ spores

Gymnosperms- conifer

• vascular tissue

• megaphylls

• reproduce w/ seeds

• thin, needle-like leaves

• male + female cones

Gymnosperms- ginkgo

• vascular tissue

• megaphylls

• reproduce w/ seeds

• fan-shaped leaves

• separate male and female trees

Angiosperms- monocot

• vascular tissue

• megaphylls

• reproduce w/ seeds

• have pollen, fruits and flowers

• 1 cotyledon

• have flower parts in 3s

• parallel leaf venation

• fibrous roots

Angiosperms- eudicot

• vascular tissue

• megaphylls

• reproduce w/ seeds

• have pollen, fruits and flowers

• 2 cotyledon

• have flower parts in 4’s and 5’s

• reticulate leaf venation

• taproots

Types of Symmetry

Asymmetrical: animals with no pattern or symmetry

Radial: longitudinal (up-and-down) symmetry

Bilateral: vertical plane cut from front to back separates the animal into roughly mirror-image right and left sides

Germ Layers

Endoderm: inner germ layer (radial sym.)

Ectoderm: outer germ layer (radial sym.)

Mesoderm: middle germ layer (bilateral sym.)

Diploblasts

animals that display radial symmetry with endoderms and ectoderms

Triploblasts

animals with bilateral symmetry with all 3 germ layers

Acoelomate

triploblasts that do not develop a coelom (internal body cavity derived from a mesoderm); mesoderm region is completely filled with tissue; ex: flatworms

Eucoelomate (or coelomate)

arises entirely within the mesoderm germ layer; ex: earthworms, snails insects, starfish

Pseudocoelomate

triploblasts that have a body cavity that is derived partly from mesoderm and partly from endoderm tissue; ex: roundworms

Protostomes

include phyla such as arthropods, mollusks, and annelids; mouth originates first

Deuterostomes

includes chordates and echinoderms; anus develops first then mouth

Gastrovascular cavity

only have one opening for digestion (mouth serves as anus- one long blind tube) ex: platyhelminthes, ctenophora, cnidaria

Alimentary canal

more advanced system; consists of one tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at other; ex: earthworms

Direct Diffusion

gas exchange across outer membranes that meet the oxygen needs of multicellular organisms; ex: cnidarians, flatworms

Skin

a dense network of capillaries lies just below the skin and facilitates gas exchange between the external environment and the circulatory system; ex: earthworms, amphibians

Gills

thin tissue filaments that are highly branched and folded, ex: mollusks, annelids, crustaceans

Diffusion

exchange of water, nutrients, and waste, as well as dissolved gases; ex: cnidaria, ctenophora

Open circulatory system

the blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels and is called hemolymph bc the blood mixes with the interstitial fluid; ex: mollusks, arthropods

Closed circulatory system

blood is contained inside blood vessels and circulates around the heart; ex: crustaceans, squid, octopuses

Water vascular system

system used by echinoderms, sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, respiration

Phylum Cnidaria

• diploblast

• radial symmetry

• nematocysts

• nutrients diffuse into body

• gastrovascular system

Phylum Platyhelminthes

• acoelomate

• flatworms

• gastrovascular system

Phylum Mollusca

• mantle

• open circulatory system

• radula

• shell

• most respire w/ gills

Phylum Annelida

• segmentation

• dorsal blood vessels

• closed circulatory system

Lophotrochozoa

• most have a ring of tentacles around mouth (lophophore) and/or planktonic (trochophore) larval stage

Protostomia

• blastopore becomes mouth

• spiral cleavage

• mosaic cleavage

Bilateria

• bilateral symmetry

• triploblastic

Anthozoa

• phylum: cnidaria

• only one polyp stage

Medusozoa

• phylum cnidaria

• medusa and polyp stages

Turbellaria

• phylum platyhelminthes

• has eyespots

Trematoda

• phylum platyhelminthes

• parasitic

• two suckers attach to host’s guts/lungs

Cestoda

• phylum platyhelminthes

• parasitic

• scolex (suckers w/ hooks)

Gastropoda

• phylum mollusca

• one shell

• some live on land

Bivalvia

• phylum mollusca

• muscular foot

• two shells

• filter feeders

Cephalopods

• phylum mollusca

• shell- internal, external, or none

• well-developed eyes

• tentacles with suckers

• beak (w/ radula)

• ink sac

• closed circulatory system replaces open system

Polyplacophora

• phylum mollusca

• 8 plates cover the dorsal surface

Polychaeta

• phylum annelida

• developed head

• parapodia

Oligochaeta

• phylum annelida

• cuticle

• clitellum

Hirudinea

• phylum annelida

• two suckers- 1 anterior, 1 posterior

• many are blood sucking parasites

Trematoda + Cestoda both have…

• gastrovascular cavity lost

• complex life cycle with intermediate hosts

• proglottids

Endoderm

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer

Superphyla Lophotrochozoa

• ring of tentacles around mouth

• planktonic larval stage

Superphyla Ecdysozoa

• thick cuticle (or exoskeleton) that can be molted, shedding a tough external coat as they grow

• includes phylum nematoda and arthropoda

Ecdysis

molting

Phylum Nematoda

• round worm

• pseudocoelomate

• cylindrical body

Phylum Arthropoda

• segmentation

• jointed appendages

• tagmata

• contains chelicerata, myriapoda, crustacea, hexapoda

Phylum Echinodermata

• water vascular system

• endoskeleton- calcareous ossicles covered in epidermis

Deuterostomia

• mouth forms second

• blastopore becomes anus

• opposite in protostomia

• contains phylum echinodermata and chordata

Phylum Chordata

• notochord

• dorsal hollow nerve chord

• pharyngeal slits

• post-anal tail

• endostyle/thyroid gland

Chelicerata

• has two tagmata

• chelicerae (mouthpart/jaw)

tagmata

grouping of segments