Human Body Temperature Regulation and Thermoregulation

What represents a balance between the heat produced and acquired by the body and the amount lost?

Temperature

What term describes humans in relation to body temperature regulation?

Warm Blooded

What is the term for organisms that maintain a relatively constant internal body temperature?

Homoiothermic

What is the term for organisms whose body temperature varies with that of their environment?

Poikilothermic

What system is responsible for regulating body temperature?

Thermoregulatory System

What are the receptors that provide input to the temperature regulating center in the hypothalamus?

Thermoreceptors

Where is the temperature regulating center located in the body?

Hypothalamus

What type of thermoreceptors are located in the skin?

Peripheral thermoreceptors

What type of thermoreceptors are located in the body's core?

Central thermoreceptors

What part of the hypothalamus coordinates the heat production and loss process?

Regulating Center, Anterior Hypothalamus

What muscles are responsible for the production of goosebumps?

Arrector Pili Muscle

What process is initiated by involuntary muscle contraction to produce heat?

Shivering

What hormonal regulation increases cellular metabolism and body heat?

Thyroxine

What is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves called?

Radiation

What is the transfer of heat through direct molecular contact?

Conduction

What is the transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid?

Convection

What is the process of heat dissipation by converting a liquid to vapor?

Evaporation

What term describes an unusually high fever, generally above 106 F (41.1 C)?

Hyperpyrexia and hyperthermia

What is the term for an elevation of normal body temperature?

Pyrexia

What substances cause fever?

Pyrogens

What is the period prior to the onset of fever called?

Prodromal Phase

What phase involves a gradual or sudden rise in temperature until the maximum is reached?

Phase 1 Onset

What phase is characterized by the highest elevation of fever?

Phase 2 Course

What phase occurs when the fever subsides and temperatures lower toward normal?

Phase 3 Termination (Defervescence)

What type of fever alternates between periods of fever and normal temperature?

Intermittent

What type of fever fluctuates but remains above normal?

Remittent

What type of fever is characterized by periods of normal temperature interspersed with fever?

Relapsing

What type of fever is constantly elevated above normal?

Constant

What condition occurs when body temperature falls below 94 F (34.4 C)?

Hypothermia

At what time of day is the body temperature typically lowest?

4-6 am

At what time of day is the body temperature typically highest?

4-8 pm

What factors can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to boost metabolic rate?

Emotion/Stress

Which populations tend to have lower than average body temperatures?

Infants & Young Children, Elderly Population

When does progesterone rise in relation to body temperature?

During ovulation

How much does body temperature typically rise during ovulation?

0.5° to 0.9°F (0.3° to 0.5°C)

When does body temperature return to normal after pregnancy?

Parturition

What happens to body temperature during warm external environments?

Increase

What happens to body temperature during cold external environments?

Decrease

Which temperatures are generally higher than oral temperature?

Rectal and tympanic membrane temperatures

Which temperatures are generally lower than oral temperature?

Axillary

What factors can affect oral temperatures?

Eating or smoking