Criminology Chapters 10-12

expressive violence

not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration

instrumental violence

controlled; attempts to improve financial or social position

doubles a young person’s chance of engaging in violent behavior

what does a single exposure to firearm violence do?

psycho-pharmacological relationship, economic compulsive behavior, systematic link

what are the three ways substances abuse can influence violence?

psycho-pharmacological relationship

violence is the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances

economic compulsive behavior

violence committed by drug users to support their habit

systemic link

a link between drugs and violence that occurs when drug dealers turn violent in their competition with rival gangs

anger, power, sadism

what are the three elements of a rape, according to Groth?

affirmative consent

voluntary agreement to participate in sex

virility mystique

the belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from their need for love, respect, and affection

shield laws

laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it is directly related to the case

first-degree murder

when someone kills a person after premeditation and deliberation

second-degree murder

a person's deliberate disregard for the victim's life and his/her desire to inflict harm on the victim, resulting in the victim's death

40%-50%

what percentage of women in the US are murdered by an intimate partner?

thrill killer, mission killer, expedience killer

what are the three different types of serial killers?

want to reform the world

what are mission killers aiming for?

out for profit or protect themselves from perceived threat

what are expedience killers aiming for?

revenge killers, love killers, profit killers, terrorist killers

what are the four types of mass murders?

spree killer

has multiple victims whose murders occur over a relatively short span of time & often follow no discernible pattern

thrill seeking, reactive (defensive), mission, retaliatory

what are the four motivations for hate crimes, according to McDevitt & Levin?

75%

what percentage of women were stalked by their former intimate partners before being murdered by them?

relational aggression

psychological & emotional abuse that involves the spreading of rumors, smears, and private info. in order to harm his/her partner

a middle-aged white male facing termination

who is the typical offender in incidents of workplace violence?

40%

what percentage of rapists were sexually victimized as adolescents?

cycle of violence

the likelihood of abused children to become abusers themselves

pressing need for cash

most armed robberies are motivated by what?

voluntary compliance

what is essential for a victim to prove that a rape was forced and that there was no question of what?

different causes of rape

evolutionary factors, male socialization (virility mystique), psychological abnormality (narcissistic personality disorder), social learning (victimized as adolescents), gender conflict view, sexual motivation

anger rapists (40%), power rapists (55%), sadist rapists (5%)

what are the different types of rapists?

anger rapist

they rape as a means to express anger/rage; the aim is to hurt the victim

power rapist

they rape in order to have power and control over the victim; the aim is not to harm

sadist rapist

involves sexuality and aggression; wants to destroy characteristics represented in the victim

date rape, campus rape, marital rape, statutory rape, rape by deception

what are the different types of rape?

premeditation

considered beforehand; more than desire to engage in violent behavior; goes with first-degree murder

deliberation

planned after careful thought rather than on impulse; usually happens after committing a felony like burglary or rape; goes with first-degree murder

malice aforethought

intent to cause harm before committing crime which results in victim's death; disregard for victim's life; goes with second degree murder

manslaughter

homicide without harm; non-negligent/voluntary: committed in the heat of passion; negligent/involuntary: negligent acts w/o regard for the harm they may cause others

deliberate indifference

being aware that one's behavior puts another person's health or safety at risk

true (the murder rate has declined)

true or false? since 1991, the murder rate has declined

false, they are urban crimes

true or false? most murders/homicides are rural crimes?

true (offenders and victims are male)

true or false? most murder victims and offenders are male

true (1/2 are under 25)

true or false? 1/2 of murder offenders are under 25

true

true or false? 1/2 of murder victims are black

false (under 25)

true or false? 1/3 of victims are over 25

assault: no physical touching is done to harm the victim

battery: requires physical touching

assault- no physical touching is done to harm victim

how are assault and battery different?

sexual dominance

what are thrill killers aiming for?

want to get even with someone/ society

what are revenge killers aiming for?

sense of devotion

what are love killers aiming for?

trying to cover up a crime, eliminate witnesses, & carry out criminal conspiracy

what are profit killer aiming for?

trying to send a message

what are terrorist killers aiming for?

political crime

designed to undermine existing government and threaten its survival (can be violent and nonviolent)

1: “it’s not right”

2: “it’s not fair”

3: “it’s your fault”

4: “you’re evil”

what are the stages that leads someone to become a political criminal?

election fraud

illegal interference with the process of an election

ticking bomb scenario

torture can be justified if the government discovers a captured terrorist knows the whereabouts of an explosive that could kill innocent people

a: there’s a need to obtain immediate info to save lives

b: there’s probable cause that the suspect has info and is unwilling to reveal it

what are the two cases that are proposed in which a torture warrant could be issued by a judge, according to Derschowitz?

terrorist groups

groups engaged in premeditated, politically motivated violence

guerrilla groups

armed groups operating in rural areas who attack the military, the police, and other government officials

insurgent groups

groups who engage in armed uprising, or revolt against an established civil or political authority

revolutionary groups

groups who engage in civil war against sovereign power that holds control over the land

national terrorist groups

actions promote the interests of a minority ethnic or religious group that’s been persecuted under majority rule

retributive terrorist

groups that use violence as a method of influence, persuasion, or intimidation in order to achieve a particular aim

state-sponsored terrorism

carried out by a repressive government regime in order to force its citizens into obedience, oppress minorities, and stifle political dissent

lone-actor terrorists

individuals who carry out terror acts without guidance from group or organization

substitute family-like environment

according to family conflict view, what do terror groups provide?

failed states

nation’s whose government lost control of its territory, is unable to provide public services and protection, and lacks ability to interact with other states

extremely high

are terrorism rates high or low in failed states?

sharply increased

has terrorism decreased or increased over the past few years, according to START?

1: attack the ideological underpinnings of global jihadism

2: sever ideological links between terrorist groups

3: strengthen capabilities of front-line states to counter local jihadist threats

what are three steps that can be taken to defeat jihadist groups like Al-Qaeda?

state-sponsored

what kind of terrorism occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience?

the CIA had claimed that waterboarding was never used

the Senate Committee found photographs of waterboarding paraphernalia in facilities where…?

lone-actor

the Tsarnaec brothers, responsible for the Boston Marathon, are examples of what kind of terrorists?

treason

what’s the only crime mentioned in the US Constitution?

stage 3: “it’s your fault”

which stage is when a terrorist believes that someone or some group must be held accountable?

retributive

what terrorist groups want to impose their own religious views on others by punishing “sinners”?

explain stage 1: “it’s not right”

dissatisfied, unhappy, could be economic, social, or personal

explain stage 2: “it’s not fair”

condition is due to “injustice”, does not apply to everyone

explain stage 3: “it’s your fault”

someone or group must be held responsible

explain stage 4: “you’re evil”

aggression/crime becomes justifiable

USA Patriot Act

gives law enforcement freer hand to investigate and apprehend suspected terrorists

wiretaps, search warrants, tap orders, subpoenas

what are the four tools of surveillance that law enforcement can use according to the Patriot Act?

director of national intelligence

who responds to terrorism?

national counterterrorism center (NCTC)

staffed by terrorism experts from CIA, FBI, Pentagon, privacy & civil liberties board, and national counterproliferation center

Asia and Africa

what two continents have the most terrorist attacks?

blue collar crime

traditional crimes like theft, burglary, and larceny

occasional criminals

criminals that don’t define themselves by a criminal role or view themselves as career criminals

professional criminals

criminals that make a significant portion of their income from their crimes

occasional criminals would be

would occasional criminals or professional criminals more likely to be influenced by situational inducement?

white collar crime

crime within business enterprises like embezzlement, price fixing, and bribery

ponzi scheme

payment of purported returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors

chiseling

using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both

influence peddling

using one’s institutional position to grant favors or sell information to which one’s co-conspirators are not entitled

exploitation

forcing victims to pay for services or contract to which they have a clear right

legalist, environmental justice, biocentric

what are the three independent views on the definition of green collar crime?

legalist definition

violating laws assigned to protect people/environment

environmental justice definition

environmental damage in third world countries are due to large multinational corporations

biocentric definition

environmental damage is any human activity that disrupts a biosystem, destroying plant & animal life

the rationalizations people develop

what did Donald Cressay believe that solving financial problems through criminal means is opened by?

businesses place excessive demands on employees while at the same time maintaining a climate that tolerates employee deviance

what influences white and green collar crime according to cultural view?

low self control and impulsiveness

those who commit white and blue collar crime have what attributes, according to Hirschi & Gottfredson?

compliance strategies

rely on the threat of economic sanctions to control potential violators