Purposive Communication

Written Communication

email, memoranda, letters, reports and papers

Email

An approach to short and rapid communication

Memoranda

used to communicate specific information, usually within a department or organisation.

This is more formal than email.

Letters

Has the means of formal and professional communication with others outside an organisation.

Reports and Papers

one of the most frequent forms of written communication that you will use to complete an assignment in your course.

Oral Communication

include simple telephone calls, interviews for class projects or research studies, and informal and formal presentations.

Telephone Conversations

contact between forest and natural resource managers and the general public or client groups is very common.

Interviews

a formal meeting in which one or more persons consult, question, or evaluate another person.

Presentations

can either be informal (for example, a class presentation or a short presentation at a meeting) or more formal, such as a presentation at a workshop or conference. Similar guidelines apply to both types of presentations.

Graphic Communication

table, graph, or map

Tables

a convenient way to present data.

should have an informative title, which should make the tables intelligible without reference to the text. Rows and columns should be clearly identified.

Graphs

simply a device to present data.

Maps

spatial method of communicating information about a project, process, travel route or idea. The key word is spatial: how something is distributed in space or how you get from location A to location B.

Citation

-an integral component of formal, professional communication.

-Crediting the author

Plagiarism

When you do not cite your sources, or keep close track of your research process, you run the risk of_______

Research Paper

The immediate purpose is to learn about something to present it in written form.

Analytical Papers

-is one that uses evidence to study the facets involved in an issue or topic.

-breaking up a concept into component parts, and restructuring them from your own perspective into a composite whole.

Argumentative Papers

require you to take a stand on an issue and defend it.In an analytical paer, it would be reasonable to assume that you do noy yet have a fixed or firm conclusion in your head when you begin the paper.

Abstract

the little bit of everything.It has concise statements that contains the summary of the contents of the paper.

Introduction

enables the reader to understand the context or territory of the study. This is where we can read the trends and issues, objectives and main contributions of the study.This are written in paragraphs and proper citations must be observed.

Literature Review.

serves as the foundation of the research for it states how and why researchers come up with the topic objectives. Like the Introduction, this is written in paragraphs with technically correct sentences.

Research Methods

This will help you systematize your research by forcing you to identify what kind of data you will need for your paper and what is the best way to go about getting it.The main purpose of this portion is to provide enough detail for a competent reader to replicate the study and reproduce the results.

Results

-This presents findings which are clearly and simply stated.

-This should be brief and direct.

Discussion

This is where results should be communicated: What principles have been established or reinforced? What generalizations can be drawn? How do thqe findings compare to the findings of others or to expectations based on previous work? Are there any theoretical implications of the results?When these questions are addressed,it is crucial that the discussion rests firmly on the evidence presented in the results section.

Conclusion

This section enumerates the principal findings of the research.This answers the objectives of the study.

Recommendation

In paragraph form, this section presents where the results of the study are directed.

Acknowledgement

This page mentions the assistance received from the advisers, professors and others to whom the researchers wish to express appreciation.

References

should begin on a new page with the title bold and left indented.The references should strictly follow the American Psychological Appreciation (APA) 6th Edition, and written in 1.5 inch hanging indent.All reference types (journal ,book, internet, etc.) is integrated and arranged alphabetically.

verbal

(sounds, language, and tone of voice)

aural

(listening and hearing)

non-verbal

(facial expressions, body language, and posture)

written

(journals, emails, blogs, and text messages)

Facial expressions

They convey countless emotions without saying a word

Body movements and posture

The way we move and carry ourselves communicates a lot of information to the world.

Gestures

This is the way we wave, point, plead, and often use our hands when we are speaking in an animated way.

Eye contact

-The way we look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction.

-helps maintain the flow of conversation and assesses another person's response.

Touch (Haptics)

A firm handshake, timid tap on the shoulder, warm bear hug, reassuring pat on the back, patronizing pat on the head, and controlling grip on arm are examples of haptic communication.

Space (Chronemics)

refers to physical space. The need differs depending on the culture, situation, and closeness of the relationship.

Voice (Paralanguage)

even when we are not using words. Non-verbal speech sounds such as tone, pitch, volume, inflection, rhythm, and rate are important

communication elements.

Good communication

ensures that you are being heard. You can then influence your environment according to your own goals and requirements. If you do not get your message across

effectively, others will not know or understand your needs.

Listening Skills

This allows full understanding of the other party and what their response is to your point of view.

Messages

It can be a simple phone message to an email or a short message left for a work colleague.

Memorandum

a workplace document that sends information to people in your

organisation about a work related topic.

Agenda

list of topics that are planned to be discussed at a meeting.

Minutes of the Meeting

can be defined as the written record of everything that's happened during a meeting.