bone anatomy

content from topic one anatomy on bones

bones of axial skeleton

skull, ribs, sternum and vertebral column (vertebrae, sacral and coccyx)

bones of appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals

functions of skeleton

• protection of vital organs

• storage (minerals)

• attachment for muscles

• blood cell production (red bone marrow)

• energy storage (lipids in yellow bone marrow)

• shape/support

axial skeleton function

protection

vertebral column

• 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum and coccyx

appendicular skeleton function

movement

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

in front of

posterior

behind

medial

toward midline of body

lateral

away from midline of body

proximal

closer to origin/attachment of body part

distal

further from origin/attachment of body part

internal

located further from surface

external

located on or near surface

4 types of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

cartilage function

• absorb shock

• protect bones

• reduce friction

3 types of cartilage

• elastic

• fibrocartilage

• hyaline

ligaments

• bone to bone

• elastic

• strong and flexible to keep structures together and stable

tendons

• muscle to bone

• move bone or structure

define joint

a joint occurs where two or more bones articulate

3 types of joint

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

fibrous joints

• two bones connected by fibrous connective tissue

• movement: zero to minimal

cartilaginous joints

• held together by flexible cartilage (hyaline/fibrocartilage)

• movement: limited/slight

synovial joint

• most common

• six types

• movement: very mobile

6 types of synovial joints

hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle, pivot and gliding

features of a synovial joint

• articular capsule

• synovial membrane

• synovial fluid

• articular cartilage

• bursae

• meniscus

• ligaments

articular capsule

saclike envelope enclosing the cavity of a synovial joint

synovial membrane

inner layer of capsule which secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

lubricating fluid

articular cartilage

reduce friction and absorb shock

bursae

small fluid-filled sac situated in places in tissues where friction would otherwise occur

meniscus

disk of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the end of bones