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anthropology

• Derived from the Greek word Anthropos (humans) and logos (the study of),

• _________________ is the study of humans and all aspects of its being including its origin.

• It tries to explain and to understand the biological and cultural origins of species. It includes the study of the remains of early and remains of human activities (artifacts).

humans

meaning of anthropos (greek)

the study of

meaning of logos (greek)

anthropology

• They explore human diversity in time and space. They explain how humans evolve and got to be the way they are now. It distinguishes the significant variables to the human experience that requires an unbiased view in its attempt to understand it.

• Anthropologists indeed tend to be adventurous at times. But it is not how they should be depicted. They go to remote field sites for a long period of time to observe and participate in the culture they are studying.

anthropologists

the one who studies anthropology

The Four Fields of Anthropology

Physical Anthropology, Archaeology, Anthropological Linguistics, Cultural Anthropology

Physical Anthropology, Archaeology, Anthropological Linguistics, Cultural Anthropology

The Four Fields of Anthropology

physical anthropology

• ________________ or biological anthropology is the study of humans from the biological perspective.

• This includes a study of genetics, anatomy, the skeleton, adaptation to diseases, adaptations to the environment, growth, nutrition, human origins and evolution, human variation, primates, and more.

biological anthropology

other name for physical anthropology

Archaeology

• Archaeology (archaeo in ancient Greek) studies human cultures through the materials or artifacts of the past. Archaeologists try to understand the relationship of the artifacts to the present and future of society.

• They include the use of the remains to explain cultural evolution and adaptive strategies through time.

archaeo

ancient greek word of archaeology

anthropological linguistics

• Language is the gateway to culture. It is a field of study in Anthropology that documents languages in terms of structure, use and acquisition.

• Linguistic Anthropologists sought to understand the use of language in the transmission of culture.

• They study how language influences the way people think in a specific culture - language in the context of culture.

cultural anthropology

• _____________ explores the patterns of societies, and its beliefs, practices, and behavior in the contemporary setting.

• It is also interested in the history of cultures around the world.

• This subfield focuses on the diversity of human societies.

• It is where anthropologists look for commonalities and differences across them.

fieldwork

• ______________is essential in the life of anthropologist.

• It is one of the methods to gather primary data in studying people.

participant observation

pioneered by Bronislaw Malinowski in 1915

(Trobiand Island in South Pacific).

bronislaw malinowski (1915)

• The one who pioneered participant observation

• He participated, observed and learned about culture of the islander (patterns and description of culture.

ethnography

• Process of gathering data and writing a descriptive output.

• ______________ (from the Greek term ethno-group and grapos-writing) is central in Anthropology.

• It is the recording and analyzing culture or society usually based on participant-observation that results in a written account of people, places, or institutions.

group

meaning of ethno (greek)

writing

meaning of grapos (greek)

ethnography

• Qualitative research that involves long-term participation while observing the daily lives and activities of the people.

• Anthropologists dive into the culture to grasp the natives' perspectives. It includes the understanding of the natives' lifeways and their worldviews. It only means that it is necessary to learn everything about cultures.

multiculturalism

• Describes the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within the fixed boundaries.

ethnocentrism

• When one judges another culture based on his/her own culture.

William Graham Sumner (1906)

sociologist who described the term, “involves a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others.”

xenocentrism

• ______________ is the opposite of ethnocentrism, refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own.

• Anything foreign is superior

crossman (2020)

A culturally-based tendency to value other cultures more highly than one’s own, which can materialize in a variety of different ways

cultural relativism

• Argues that there should be no international or universal standards of culture.

• refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal.

• Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. For example, instead of thinking, “Fried crickets are disgusting! ” one should instead ask, “Why do some cultures eat fried insects?”.

etic

______ is an outsider's view. It is to understand the culture from the point of view of a non-member of a culture. It helps to make sense of the worldviews without biases.

hawthorne effect

the altering of the behavior of individuals under study or observation.

emic

an effective way to fully grasp the worldviews and lifeways of a culture, one dives into a culture and be part of it (insider’s view).

social science

• ___________ is a branch of science that deals with the institutions and functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society.

• It focuses on how a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others.

institutions and functioning of human society

Social science is a branch of science that deals with the __________ and ______________ and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society.

sociology

• Comes from the latin word socius which means “companion” and Greek word logos which means “study of.”

• ___________ is the study of society in general. It is primarily concerned with the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings.

companion

meaning of socius (latin)

development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior

Sociology is the study of society in general. It is primarily concerned with the _________________, ____________, __________, and ____________ of organized groups of human beings.

sociology

• They are most interested in studying the collective behavior of organized groups of human beings and social institutions.

• They believe that in order to understand society, they have to conduct a series of investigations and gather data and information.

sociologists

• _____________ keep track of the results of their investigations and research works and use visual and graphical representations such as tables, charts, and graphs.

• Most of them apply statistical treatments to data gathered in order to become aware of trends and patterns.

• ____________ use these data to draw conclusions and to prove or debunk their claims.

• In doing so, they are guided by theories and perspectives in conducting their studies and investigations.

society

Defined as “a group of people living together with shared customs, laws and organizations in a specific location. “It’s nature and dynamics are examined through the field of Sociology.”

Structural-functionalist Theory

• Treats society as an organism whose parts (individual members) must work together in order to bring stability to the system.

• It looks at the structure of society and how it is established, maintained, and strengthened through the functions (such as roles, norms, traditions, and laws) fulfilled by its constituents.
• The ________________ describes society as a whole and sees it as a complex system.

• A simple metaphor to illustrate the theory is the human body. The body is likened to a society it is also composed of parts with their functions, bridging the body into life.

conflict theory

• ____________ looks at how different groups in society compete with each other because of scarce resources, unequal social structures, or power and resistance.

• This theory considers different social categories that may contribute to power struggles and conflict such as economic classes, gender, and race.

Symbolic Interactionism Theory

• Society is viewed as having a continuous process of interactions. These interactions are in the form of exchanges of meanings through symbols and language.

• According to this theory, people create meanings about their society and things in their society as they interact with others.

political science

• _____________ is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives.

• It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war.

state

defined as a group of people permanently residing in a geographical unit called territory; it has a government that exercises power, enacting the will of the people.

Classical theories

• Emerged in Europe as early as the Greek civilization. During this period, great philosophers like Plato and Aristotle asked about the qualities of the best ruler and the characteristics of the best- ruled community.

Social contract theories

• During the Period of Enlightenment, great thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed their own views on how governments and states were formed.

• They argued that governments and states were created by the people to protect themselves and their properties from chaos and fear or to ensure their freedom.

plato and aristotle

the philosophers who asked about the qualities of the best ruler and the characteristics of the best- ruled community.

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

proposed their own views on how governments and states were formed during the period of enlightenment.

Modern theories

• Contemporary political theories look into the behavior of the individual. They include his/her capability to rationalize, choose, decide, and create meaning as well as his/her relations to the larger political system and economy.

• In these modern theories, anybody is deemed to be capable of participating in decision-making activities in a country. Services to the public are seen to be very important. Youth volunteerism is also encouraged.

society

• _________ is a group of individuals sharing a common culture, geographical location, and government.

• Human beings are considered to be naturally inclined to establish societies, since it is in interacting with others that they are able to ensure their survival by establishing mutually beneficial relationships with one another.

• ________ enable individuals to acquire necessary

survival skills, maximize their potential, and share

resources.

Hunting and gathering, Horticultural societies, Pastoral societies, Agricultural societies, Industrial societies

Five Major types of Societies

Five Major types of Societies

Hunting and gathering, Horticultural societies, Pastoral societies, Agricultural societies, Industrial societies

Hunting and gathering

• The people survived from day to day through hunting larger animals, collecting shellfish and vegetable gathering. Their tools were made of stones, wood and bones.

• Communities date as far back as several million years ago and were considered the first societies.

• The basic social and economic units were the family and local clan which organized hunting and gathering activities and distributed the accumulated food supply.

Horticultural societies

• Relied on the cultivation of plants as their primary source of food, while pastoral societies depended on the domestication of animals.

• Around 10,000 years ago, the development and spread of agriculture led to the emergence of civilizations in Mesopotamia and China, and this brought about the establishment of agricultural societies.

Pastoral societies

• Most of the people are nomadic who follow their herds in quest of animals for food and clothing to satisfy their needs.

• They raised animals to provide milk, fur and blood for protein. These societies typically are relatively small, wandering communities organized along male-centered kinship group

Agricultural societies

• Food production became more efficient due to the new methods of farming, the invention of more advanced tools, and the establishment of permanent settlements.

• While pastoral and horticultural societies used small, temporary tools such as digging sticks or hoes, agricultural societies relied on permanent tools for survival.

• Around 3000 B.C.E., an explosion of new technology known as the Agricultural Revolution made farming possible—and profitable.
• Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops grown on their fields and to reuse waste products such as fertilizer, which led to better harvests and bigger surpluses of food.

• New tools for digging and harvesting were made of metal, and this made them more effective and longer lasting. Human settlements grew into towns and cities, and particularly bountiful regions became centers of trade and commerce.

Industrial societies

• An ___________ is one in which technologies of

mass production are used to make vast amounts of goods in factories, and in which this is the dominant mode of production and organizer of social life.

• Such a structure developed in the Western world in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the agrarian societies of the pre-modern, pre-industrial age.

culture

• ___________ refers to the set of beliefs, ideas, values, practices, knowledge, history and shared experiences, attitudes, as well as material objects and possessions accumulated over time and shared by the members of society.

• Defines as “the sum of an individual’s way of life, ranging from food he or she eats, the clothes he or she wears, and the house where or she lives”
• ________ is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behavior.

• The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and one with another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.

Franz Boas

German-born American anthropologist ____________ asserted that “culture is not the same as other cultures in the world.” They have different environments, interactions, experiences, and goals that created their own culture.

cultural relativism

This gave rise to the present-day concept of ______________. In this idea, your knowledge, beliefs, values, practices, and traditions should be explained and understood based on your own society or cultural group only. Therefore, they should not be explained and understood based on other societies or cultures.

material culture

is composed of the physical or tangible objects produced, shared, and utilized within society such as tools or implements
• These tangible objects in a society are what remain when time passes by, and societies change.

• They become the tangible cultural heritage and memories of history that people can still see, touch, and feel.

non-material culture

consists of the intangible properties and elements of society that influence the patterns of action and behavior of its members.

folklore

• The community stories and other types of narratives shared within societies are collectively called as __________.

• ______, which comes in the form of myths, legends, folktales

(kuwentong bayan), proverbs (sawikain), and riddles, embodies the history, beliefs, ideas, values, and practices that define a society.

• One example of such is the story of Malakas at Maganda a creation myth that tells about the origin of the Filipino people.

components of culture

symbols, language, values, norms

symbols, language, values, norms

components of culture

symbols

• Refers to things that convey meaning or represent an idea. They are essential in communication, shaping thoughts and ideas, and defining a society's culture.

• _________ are anything used to represent express and stand for an event situation. _______ direct to guide our behavior. It is used to show an event of past, present or future.

• For example, the wet street shows that it has rained. Bowing head, whistling, winkling of eyes situation, all are the symbols, which express a specific object idea about other.

language

• A system of organized symbols which allows communication with others particularly the dialect in the western language is an example.

• Particularly in the Philippines setting we have a lot of dialects that provide a means of understanding. Through these, culture is hereby transmitted to future generation through learning.

• _________ is a source of communication and to transmit message from one person to another. It is the method to mold the behavior and experience of a person.

• ____________ differs from culture to culture and is transmitted from one generation to another.

verbally and nonverbally

Language, meanwhile, is a set of symbols that enables members of society to communicate __________ (spoken) and _________ (written, gestures).

values

• Are shared ideas, norms, and principles that provide members of society the standards that pertain to what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable.

• The origin of values is not biological, but it is social production while living in society the values develop. Values depend upon the culture.

• Some values are hereditary which we gain from our elders, books and parents. The culture is full of values and can transmit from one generation to another.

norms

• ______ as elements of culture are the rules and the guidelines which specify the behavior of an individual.

• ________ keep a person within the boundary of society and its culture. It gives us restriction about something which to do and which not to do. It molds our behavior and gives as knowledge about wrong and right.

Folkways, Mores, Taboos, and Laws

Norms can be divided into: ______, ______, ______, and ______

folkways

are the simple customary ways of the people. It is the normal and habitual action of people within a culture. ____ are the recognized or accepted ways of behavior. These are the behavior pattern which a person use generally in his daily life. _____ are norms that may be violated without serious consequences

mores

______ is a Latin word and the plural of mos which means customs or beliefs accordance with a group customary expectation. It is the “must” behavior of a person. (Moral norms) _______ refers to “what ought to be and what ought not to be.” _____ are serious norms but are informed like folkways. They have a serious binding on a group the violation of mores threats to social order. Punishment may be both formal and informal for the violation of mores.

taboos

____________ alternatively called tabu, tapu or Tongan. It is a prohibition of social actions based on false beliefs that performing such actions is either too scared, or too dangerous for the human race.

Disregarding _______ is generally considered a deviant act by the society. _______ is putting a person or a thing under temporary or permanent prohibition, especially as a social custom.

religious approach

The __________ focuses on taboo derived from belief in spirit and inspired by the awe of supernatural.

cultural taboo

The ___________ demands prohibition of various cultural laws which are forbidden in different cultures. The food and drink taboo demands prohibition of various food and drinks by the society. The power of it lies primarily in the emotional forces they exude. Even the thought of violating a taboo triggers a punishment.

laws

these are codified ethics, and formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency.

A law is a norm that is formally enacted by a political authority. The power of the state backs laws.

Sanctions, encourage conformity to norms. It is socially imposed rewards and punishment in society.

aspects of culture

Culture is dynamic, flexible, and adaptive, Culture is shared, Culture is learned, Culture is symbolic, Culture is relative

Culture is relative

• No aspect of culture appear to be the same. The details of culture vary across the world, for example the concept of beauty.

• Standard concept for beauty – ethnocentric and exhibits colonial mentality.

• Filipinos always refers to western standards and Ideals

Culture is dynamic, flexible, and adaptive, Culture is shared, Culture is learned, Culture is symbolic, Culture is relative

aspects of culture

Culture is symbolic

• Each society devises its own set of symbols through oral and written language or bodily gestures. In this manner, ideas are communicated and transmitted from one person to another or from one generation to the next.

• Take the national language, Filipino, as an example. It is an effective means of communication because majority of Filipinos understand it despite having native languages.
• These can only be understood or interpreted through the eyes of the specific culture.

• Sign of “okay”, approval or agreement

• Some societies, using this gesture may be offensive and vulgar

• In turkey, Greece, middle east, Germany and Latin America, it is a symbol for the human anus

Culture is learned

• People record and preserve the knowledge, beliefs, and practice of their society, either orally or in writing.

• As a result, younger generations or other members of the society learn their culture through observations and formal instructions at home or in educational institutions.

• For instance, Filipino values such as respect for elders, kababaang-loob (modesty), and utang na loob (debt of gratitude) are being observed and learned at home.

enculturation

the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable them to become functioning members of their societies.

acculturation

is a process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining their own distinct culture.

Culture is shared

• Cultural objects and ideas can be passed on and shared across cultures and societies.

• These can be disseminated among members of a group and to other groups as well. During this process of sharing, some objects and ideas are being argued or fought over.

• Traditional Filipino dances, songs, and other performances as well as arts and crafts are passed on from one generation to the next, or even to foreign countries.

Culture is dynamic, flexible, and adaptive

• Knowledge, beliefs, practices, traditions, tooIs, art, and every aspect of culture are always changing.

• Since culture is dynamic and subject to change, it constantly adapts to new environments, conditions, and situations.

• This styles of houses and residences in the country, where local and foreign ideas on the design and functionality are being adapted.

cultural evolution

•It refers to the changes or development in

cultures from a simple form to a more

complex form of human culture.

•Scientist study the cultural evolution of

human by analyzing the changes in the

latter’s way of life.

biological evolution

•It refers to the changes, modifications and

variations in the genetics and inherited

traits of biological populations from one

generation to another.

•Scientists study the changes in the physical

body of humans, the changes in the shape

and size of their bones.

the theory of evolution

•In 1859, Charles Darwin, a notable British

naturalist, published a book titled On the Origin

of Species. It became a monumental treatise on

evolution because during this time, evolution

remained a controversial topic.

charles darwin (1859)

According to him, all living things came from a

simple organism and developed into more

complex beings through natural selection.

natural selection

___________ explains the process through

which populations of living organisms adapt and

change.

According to this concept, species that can adapt

better due to favorable physical traits will be

able to compete and survive. On the other hand,

species that cannot adapt will not survive or

become extinct.

Herbert Spencer

•English sociologist and philosopher __________, on the other hand, expanded the idea

and claimed that evolution is all about “survival

of the fittest”

•Therefore, entailed competition among

organisms, and those organisms with favorable

characteristics survived and developed.

3 principles of natural selection

variations, hereditability, Differential reproductive success

variations

Every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are adopted to their environments compared to others.

variations, hereditability, Differential reproductive success

3 principles of natural selection

hereditability

Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits that can be inherited

Differential reproductive success

Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations.

human evolution

• The great interest in the study of human evolution

paved the way for the emergence of biological or

physical anthropology.

•Investigators in this field deduce information from

both fossils and living primates. They examine

fossilized skeletal remains from thousands and

millions of years ago and observable primate and

human communities in the present.

hominids

•Physical anthropologists refer to the species to

which human beings trace their evolutionary

history as _________.

•Based on fossil evidence, __________ evolved and

roamed the earth about 10 to 5 million years

ago.

hominids

The general term used to categorize the group of

early humans and other humanlike creatures

that can walk erect during the prehistoric period.

australopithecus

•Among the first hominids that evolved about 4.2 million years ago were those belonging to the genus Australo-pithecus.

•Species under this genus include Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus anamensis, toname a few.
•Their fossil remains were excavated in many sites in the eastern and southern parts of Africa.

•Australopithecus species were small and lightly built apes. They walked upright. They also had a relatively small brain size.

•Their early culture was represented by the ability to manufacture and utilize pebble stone tools.

homo habilis (handy man)

• Remains of Homo habilis recovered in eastern Africa are dated to about 2.8 million years ago.

• Homo habilis were smaller in stature and had smaller brain sizes compared to modern humans.

• The name Homo habilis or “handy man” was inspired by their capacity to produce stone tools that were used in their everyday life.

• They used these stone tools for hunting animals and for slicing them into smaller pieces. Most of the time, they walked on two feet, freeing their upper torso and arms for other activities.