Henry Kissinger: World Order.

What was America’s ideals in the global sphere?

Cooperative order, embracing liberal economic systems, adopting democratic governments, and enhancements of human rights

Challenges to analyzing the world order?

No one shared definition, goals, or limits.

How was the world order previously influenced by?

through the Treaty of Westphalia

The Treaty of Westphalia ended what war? What is the significance?

The 30 years war: established system of sovereign states that didnt interfere with each other

Did the negotiators of the Treaty of Westphalia understand its implications to the future?

No, didn’t realize that they were laying the foundations for global order.

Did the Treaty of Westphalia include neighboring countries?

No, it primarily involved the major European powers at the time, excluding neighboring regions [Russia]

Did technology during the Treaty of Westphalia permit operation of single world order?

No, technology was limited and primarily focused on military and diplomacy without the infrastructure for a global order.

During the Treaty of Westphalia, how did countries view their own order and others?

Each region saw themselves as unique while others as barbarians.

Historically, how was China’s World Order?

The emperor held sway over all, “Mandate of Heaven.”

• The political and cultural hierarchy

• using cultural significance and economy to awe other countries into forming relations

Historically, how did Islam see world order?

As a single divinity and system that worships the Prophet Muhammand

• Encompassed Middle East, Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe

• “One Empire, one Faith, one Sovereignty”

Historically, how did North America see world order?

Peace and order occurs naturally, defender of European order, and the spread of peace through democratic principles.

How did concepts of Westphalia spread across the world?

European Imperialism and Colonization.

Did European Empires allow sovereignty for their colonies?

No, they often imposed direct rule, denying local sovereignty.

What is another name for the modern world order?

What is the “World Community?”

How was the modern world order different from Westphalia concepts?

• Open trade and international economics

• Principles of settling disputes

• Encompasses every region

Modern times: challenges from Europe?

Left state system → Pooled sovereignty

Limited power and military [little scope in responding to universal events]

Modern times: challenges in China/Asia?

• successful in concepts of sovereign statehood

• Rivalries = historical claims

• Every country claims to be “on the rise.”

Modern times: challenges in the Middle East?

• Jihadists divide societies

• States are in jeopardy

• Terrorist militias are stronger than National Governments

Modern times: challenges in the United States?

• Defending Westphalia concepts, balance of power and interference in domestic affairs are immoral

• Building peaceful world order while having idealistic aspirations.

Who was Henry Kissinger?

A prominent US diplomat and political scientist, key figure in shaping foreign policy during the Nixon and Ford administrations, known for his role in détente with the Soviet Union and opening relations with China.

These are systems of rules [formal], norms [way it’s done], behaviors [“should be”], governing relations among various actors.

What is the International Order?

In the global sphere, why desire an order?

To ensure stability, cooperation, and predictability among nations.

Why would some actors not want International Order?

Order may work for one but not for the other, and stronger states may want a weak international order that doesn’t check on them so they can expand. Additionally, some actors may prefer chaos or conflict to pursue their own interests.